History of Physics :: Science Scientific Physics Essays

History of PhysicsPhysics began when worldly concern archetypalborn started to study his surroundings. Early applications of physics include the invention of the wrack and of primitive weapons. The people who built Stone Henge had knowledge of physical chemical mechanism in order to move the rocks and place them on top of each(prenominal) other. It was not until during the period of classical culture that the first systematic interposition of physics started with the use of mechanics. Thales is often utter to have been the first scientist, and the first Greek philosopher. He was an astronomer, merchant and mathematician, and after visiting Egypt he is said to have originated the science of deductive geometry. He also discovered theorems of elementary geometry and is said to have correctly predicted an eclipse of the sun. Many of his studies were in uranology but he also observed static electricity. Phythogoras was a Greek philosopher. He discovered simple numerical ratios relating the musical tones of major consonances, to the continuance of the strings used in sounding them. The Pythagorean theorem was named after him, although this cardinal statements of deductive geometry was most likely first an idea from Egyptian methods of measurements. With the back up of his followers he discovered that the earth was a sphere, but he did not believe it revolved around the sun. Democritus was the leader of a conference c wholeed Atomists. Although they were unable to prove that matter was make up of small particles, they were the first to come up with the idea. Democritus believed that atoms differed in size, shape, and movement but were all made of the same substances. Aristotle was the most important scientific philosopher in Greece. He believed that all matter on earth consisted of four pure substances or elements, which were earth, air, fire, and water. He also believed that the earth was the centre of the universe, and that anything beyond the earth c onsisted of a twenty percent pure substance called quintessence. Archimedes was an inventor and mathematician, who discovered several basic scientific principles and true a number of measuring techniques. Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer. He developed a model for predicting the positions of the sun, moon, stars, and planets. Like Aristotle, he believed that the earth was the center of the universe. in the midst of 400 AD. and 1000 AD. Most educated people in western Europe looked to religion rather than scientific investigation to answer their questions active the laws of nature.

Phil Jackson And Buddhism Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Buddhism is a major Asiatic piety studied and practiced in countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. Although Buddhism is a growing religion throughout the world, in particular, the practice of meditation is cattle farm in the West. The United States has a center for Buddhists in Hawaii and unused York and also a Buddhist community has been established in California. (Hewitt, 13-14) merely even closer to home for most is the practicing of Zen Buddhism on the basketball court by former Chicago Bulls and present Los Angeles Lakers coach Phil Jackson. In this essay I will discuss how Jackson has incorporated well-nigh of the practices of Zen Buddhism into his and the players of his teams lives and how it has been effective for the game and the lives of those involved. I will also feeling on his use of combined Zen and Christianity along with his extended evoke in the Lakota Sioux.The Chicago Bulls Buddha-like guru Phil Jackson inks the richest coaching deal in N.B.A. news report ($6 million for one last season with the Bulls) (Notebook, 11). in that respect whitethorn be well-nigh sound reasoning behind this. Michael Jordan was quoted on how some team members are starting to use Jacksons religion to help them win, Its that Zen Buddhism stuff. Were practicing smiling when we may be frustrated inside so we can relieve some tension. Its an art form (Quotables, 1). Jackson speaks in depth to his team round ejecting selfishness and egotism (Eckman, 3). He describes Jordan in the late 80s as a player who tried to beat the other team by himself (Zen Teamwork). He not only helped lead Jordan to play like a star but led the Bulls to be a winning team. He and several of his former players believe that this is partially due to what they practiced in the years Jackson was coach. Not only did they study basketball, as author Frank Deford for Sports Illustrated noted in a cover story on Jackson, they took part in group meditations and pregame n ap time (84). Not to honorable mention poetry and assigned books (83). These things may sound odd but as one of the beliefs of Zen says, Dont get caught up in only one way of doing things and dont look at things from just one point of view. If you try another way, or wobble your point of view, the results will always be different (Chung, 99). Jackson by all odds looks at and coaches basketball from a different point of view then most coach... .... As an attention getter to his team before a extensive game when they are wondering if the meditating and poetry will pay withdraw or if they are just wasting their time, Jackson reminds them of his awareness by saying, Its like youre going along at 65 miles an hour, listening to your hip-hop music, and your cell phone is ringing, and youre eating a Big Mac, and you spill ketchup on your shirt. You look down. And when you look bum up right ahead of you, its all red lights. Theres just too much going on in your lives (Deford, 84)Work s CitedChung, Tsai Chih. Wisdom of the Zen Masters. mod York Doubleday, 1998.Deford, Frank. Father Phil. Sports Illustrated 1 Nov. 1999 82-91Eckman, Dr. Jim. Issues in Perspective. 2 April 2000. Grace University <www.graceu.edu/ make loves/archives/april/is00apr0102.html>Zen and the Art of Teamwork. Fortune 25 Dec 1995Hewitt, Catherine. Buddhism. New York Thomson Learning, 1995.Jackson, Phil, and Hugh Delehanty. Sacred Hoops Spiritual Lessons of a Hardwood Warrior. New York Phil Jackson, 1995.Notebook. Time 4 Aug. 1997 11Quotables. Home page. 26 April 2000. <www.worldmay.com/world/issue/06-20-98/opening-4.asp >

What Is Orientalism? Essay -- Definition Oriental Orientalism Essays

What Is Orientalism?Said make a clear analogy between orientalism and colonialism. They be both manipulatewith the same binary opposition.white/ non whiteoccidental/ non occidentalIn a very detailed and structured study of the orient (behavior, habit, tradition ...) we document a large amount of fact and data. All write in ageneral study they produce the illusion of a well understood and objectivelyconstructed knowledge.These are, in fact, mere observations and purely immanent entities (seen onlywith the western eyes) which do not explain nor reflect the consecutive nature of theobject.We then generalize from theses singles observations, set up categories andlabels. We are now able to answer questions very simply creating this illusionof knowledge.We looker the realization of cliches single sided beliefsthat fuels themselves upon their own ignorance.SAID then explains how this technique empowers his creator. The miserlydiscourse, the elaboration of thought and ideas, subjective ly authenticateditself. The substance is no agelong address and leaves the victim of the discoursereduced to plain and pure denial. The content has become a set of prejudicialbelief (cliches).To remind you of the famous aphorism the pen is mightier than the swordHe writesOrientalism is fundamentally a policy-making doctrine willed over the orientbecause the orient was weaker than the west.Though injustice has already been served and the...

ACC cements Company Essay

ACC was among the inaugural Indian companies to abide by automation of information technology. We started computerizing our systems as early as 1968 a perpetration to progress through the harnessing of relevant available technologies, a practice that continues fifty-fifty today.We have traveled a long way from our early days when we were using simple keypunching machines. Significant improvements have been made in exercise systems and infrastructure since then from Batch processing to on-line systems, from IBM 1401 and Data prevalent system to the latest Linux/UNIX and Windows 2003 ground machines. We have made beatly transitions intractable by available technologies and business requirements.In February 2007 the company made a quantum jump from in- stick out developed systems using Oracle 9i and Developer 6i to an ERP (SAP) base solution. This decision was based solely on our strategic objectives and the business benefits that we expect to derive from implementing much (prenominal) a solution. With this move we also aligned people, business processes and technologies across the country.The play along has an Intranet Portal called Accelerate which is dedicated to employees. The portals content is based on Personal information relating to Human Resource matters, Performance Management, as hearty as other information of use to employees such as the latest news on company affairs, developments on sustainable development, house magazines and newsletters.Being a large organization with a countrywide cyberspace of manufacturing, marketing and R&D cen clockers, we have invested in the presentation of a comprehensive infrastructure that allows free flow of information across the organization. This enables almost instant communication between all levels in the organization. A hybrid WAN network connects each of our 275 plus localization of functions. A apt mix of VSAT and VPN links ensure adequate connectivity between these locations. Each manufa cturing location has a well designed LAN to meet its needs.IT in ACC is well placed to master future expansions of our core businesses.DID YOU KNOW ?_Patni Computer Systems installed Indias first Data General computer in ACC in 1978 and deployed a team of their best employees to manage it. The team comprised the legendary Narayanamurthy, then among the soonest employees of PCS. They were tending(p) an office in Cement House. Later when he and others from PCS realised Infosys Technologies in Bangalore 1981, ACC was among their first customers._Cement study ACCs Tikaria specify in Sultanpur has become the first unit of the company to implement an innovative logistics forethought program called amphetamine which is aimed at enhancing productivity, increasing efficiencies and save clip, fuel cost as well as enviornment.The success of the program at the 2.6 one thousand million tonne Tikaria plant has led to the company adopting the programe at its two to a greater extent cemen tumumum units in West Bengal and Karnataka and hopes to bring all 16 plants ofACC d cause the stairs the Speed fold in near two years time.Speed is essentially a logistics and supply chain prudence project which is a major part of any cement plant with hundreds of heavy work trucks bringing in raw material and picking up cement for further distribution in the market.Director, Logistics-North, ACC Ltd, Deepak Gulati, verbalise at any given point of time our Tikaria plant had atleast 500-600 trucks lined up for uploading cement. The efficient management of this capacious fleet on a daily basis was a major concern. After studying various logistics projects abroad we evolved our very own program called Speed and forthwith besides saving be which results in cheaper product to customers, we have better functioning among drivers, truck owners, customers and ACC employees. Delivery timelines are also efficiently adhered to with this project.He said that while rather 500 odd trucks used to be parked outside the plant gates waiting for their turn almost 110 trucks were lined up inside the plant for uploading cement, which became a big task to handle.But at one time due to effective adoption of Speed there are single 27 trucks inside the plant at any point of time and only 200 trucks outside. ACCs Tikaria plant engages nearly 4,000 trucks for this exercise. Due to the revivify foremost the tonnage per truck has increased increasing productivity and is time saving thus allowing trucks to make more trips to the plant in the similar given time.ACC has also deployed Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) and ball-shaped Positioning System (GPS) in all vehicles for effective tracking of vehicles and retentiveness in constant contact with drivers.Inward and outward transportation forms a significant share of ACCs overall costs and the Speed opening night has allowed about 5% saving in costs. With 30 million tonnes cement moved across the country by various ACC plants which engage about 12,000 heavy duty vehicles the savings from this initiative can be huge when adopted across all plants said Director ACC Tikaria Plant, N Keshav.Tikaria was the first cement plant in the country to adopt such a logistics project and would soon take it to all 16 plants of the country said, Director-Logistics, Tushar Dave. He said that the program has also led to manpower efficiency and drivers gravel it more convenient and comfortable to do their duty.Acc to hinduACC Ltd. has embarked on an initiative to improve the efficiency of its supply chain, which include 10,000 trucks that carry cement from its plants to sales outlets across the country.Transportation costs account for 35 per cent of the numerate sale price of cement and ACC, the subsidiary of Swiss cement major Holcim, hopes to bring down this cost by 4 to 6 per cent. ACC has deployed radio-frequency  designation (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies to radically change the way cement is supplied to the market.RFID has been deployed at its cement plants in Tikaria (Uttar Pradesh), Damodhar (West Bengal) and Thondebhavi (Karnataka). Over 400 trucks have been GPS-enabled so far. Within two years, 10,000 trucks and all plants would have GPS and RFID. This project, which is in its pilot stage, has yielded adapted results, and a veteran logistics professional has been hired to spearhead the initiative.Considering the huge costs involved in road transport, as well as to credit the issue of time and plus efficiency, we embarked on a new tour 12 months back. Through automated and technology-enabled process we have improved the asset utilization in road logistics, said Tushar Rameshchandra Dave, Vice-President, Central Logistics, ACC.He said RFID and GPS would unneurotic increase the utilization of assets (trucks) which, in turn, would lead to freight savings and optimization of resources.Fixed costs of trucks will go down as the same number of trucks can now ship more cement in lesser time. A truck that was doing up to 4000 kms a month can now do 6000 kms. Apart from financial benefits, it will succor in curbing pollution, Mr Dave said.There is an increase in evacuation of 15-20 per cent and betterment of service levels up to 40-50 per cent, he added. With RFID, a truck that was winning 220 minutes to drive from the entrance to the exit gate of a plant, is now doing it in 75 minutes.RFID tracks the historical data of a truck and the time taken to go from the entrance to the exit gate of the plant. It is also helps in tracking the non-value added time. GPS, however, tracks the movement of a truck once it is outside the plant. RFID and GPS together are ensuring better visibility of trucks and helping in complete transparentness of operations, Mr Dave said.

Generation of Electricity Through Coal in Pakistan

At present, the people atomic number 18 facing knock place loadshedding/blackout problems payable to shortage of baron supply. Industries be closing down. Millions of small-arm hours defecate been lost leading to an increase in poverty and sparing loss of jillions of rupees to the recentoral. It is happening despite the facts that round 60% of Pakistans universe has an access to galvanisingal heftiness. And according to World zip fastener Statistics 2011, nominate by IEA, Pakistans per capita electrical muscularity consumption is one-sixth of the World Average.World average per capita electrical energy role is 2730 kWh comp ared to Pakistans per capita electricity consumption of 451kWh. It is imperative to derive the crises. According to Pakistan expertness Year Book 2011, Pakistans installed capacity for power multiplication is 22,477MW and the fill is approximately the homogeneous. The foreland arises that if the demand and supply has no cattle farm a nd so why we are facing such a crucial electricity crises. To get the solve we pack to look into Pakistans electricity genesis mix evoke wise.Unfortunately, cover color &038 hired gun has 67% share in electricity generation. Pakistan is generating 35% of its electricity from furnace oil that is mostly writeed. Pakistan spends over 12 billion US dollars for the import of furnace oil high speed diesel motor and crude petroleum that amount is equivalent to 60% of total merchandise earnings and is a serious strain on nations economy. It was recorded that in year 2011, the import of furnace oil increased by 19% compared to 2010 import.Moreover, the imported furnace oil is high second furnace oil because subaltern sulphur furnace oil is hailly. The bollockseous emissions from High sulphur furnace oil are polluting the environment and deteriorating the power plants as well. The bitter fact is that the per unit address of electricity generated from imported furnace oil is hig h and is evaluate to increase nurture due to high forecasted increase in the oil wrongs. The per unit price of the electricity generated from furnace oil is neither vi suitable for industrial consumers nor for domestic consumers.At the same time, Pakistan is generating 32% of its electricity from Natural Gas. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book, 2011, Pakistan has 27. 5trillion full augury feet (TCF) balance recoverable hitman reserves. Current gas fruit is 4 billion cubic feet per twenty-four hours (bcfd) and the demand is 6 bcfd. The gas production is expected to fall to less than 01 bcfd by 2025 due to depletion and demand volition increase to 8 bcfd. While depleting the autochthonic natural gas reserves, about one third of the natural gas is used for electricity eneration (32%) make a s ever soe domestic and industrial load shedding. That has signifi green goddesstly change countrys export earnings and increased the import bill. The proposed Iran gas pipeline wou ld take into account only 01 bcfd at a cost of $ 1. 25 billion. The proposed TAPI gas pipeline would provide 3. 2 bcfd to 3 countries at a cost of $ 7. 6 billion. In response to a demand of 8 bcfd, we will be having 3 bcfd in 2025 if both proposed are correct. The gap will be 5 bcfd. The available gas will slang 66% share of costly imported gas.In the light of higher up elucidated facts, it is perspicuous that it will non be possible to feed gas found power plants in future that contribute 32 % of the power generation. In the light of above discussion, it is evident that electricity generated from Oil and gas is non an economically feasible option and the installed capacity of about 15000MW (67%) out of 22477MW would non be achievemental. International Energy Agency has forecasted that total electricity demandof the country will be 49078MW in 2025. This is a great challenge to leaven the installed capacity to 50000MW from 7000MW.Currently, Pakistan is generating 6481 MW o f electricity from hydel sources that is 29% of the total installed capacity. If country completes all the proposed hydel protrusions including Bhasha Dam, the hydel section would be 15000MW until 2025 that is 29%. The biggest challenge is to redesign the electricity portfolio and substitute the oil and gas with an abundantly available indigenous fuel source. Pakistan must trail indigenous energy resources to meet its future electricity needs. Pakistan discount inhibit this energy crisis by utilising its un-used blacken reserves.ember is a game changer for Pakistan. Currently, 40. 6% of balls electricity is existence generated from ember and it is the single largest ratifier in world electricity generation. By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are blessed with scorch, it is evident that burn is the largest contributor. For instance, Poland, southwesterly Africa, China, India, Australia ,Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Germ whatsoever, USA,UK, Tur key , Ukraine and Japan are generation 96%, 88%,78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69. 9%, 52. %, 52%, 37%, 31. 3%, 27. 5% and 22. 9% of electricity from ember. Pakistan is the only country that is blessed with 185 billion piles of scorch and is producing negligible electricity from scorch 0. 6%). Thar deposit only if is estimated to be 175 billion tons. It is further estimated that if all the Thar coal is extracted out and converted into electricity through coal fired power plants, it sens provide 100,000MW for more(prenominal) than 500 years. There is a dire need to devise a strategy to utilise Thar Coal for power generation.Centre for Coal Technology Punjab University has conducted outline of 328 samples of coal from all four provinces and AK including Thar coal. A satisfying amount of coal in Punjab, Balochistan, KPK, AK and Sindh has high sulphur and ash means that is a challenge to utilise this coal for power generation. All the analysis carried out since 1994 to 2012 by G Couch, ge ological survey of Pakistan, Oracle coal fields, Centre for coal applied science show that Thar coal has a sulphur heart and soul up to 1% that is the beauty of this coal that makes it suitable for exact combustion for power generation.At UK-Pakistan coal conference where CEO of world crosstie for Underground coal gasification (UCG ) Julie Lauder and Robert Davidson of International Energy Agency gave presentations and assured the audience that UCG is liquid in experimentation stage and pilot trading operations are being carried out at various locations but UCG syn gas is non being used commercially yet. The experimentation is going on since 1928 for the coals that are thickheadeder than ccc meters and not minable. Let me make it clear that I am not against UCG as a technique.My considered opinion is that Thar geology is against the pre-requisites for UCG. Here are some concerns regarding UCG of Thar Coal 1. The geological structure of Thar block three has been published by geological survey of Pakistan. This structure is against the fundamentals of Underground gasification (UCG) abandoned in every book. First condition for UCG is that the coal should be 300 metre or more deep. Where as in Thar the coal seams are present at a depth of 150 meter. Secondly, at that place should be no weewee around the deposit whereas Thar coal is immersed in weewee.The aquifer above the coal govern is at about 120 m. then a strata of sand stone and clay stone. The water table ranges between 52. 70 to 93. 27 meter depth. Right be commencement the first coal zone, there are two to three perched aquifers that are aquifers within coal zone with sand horizons of medium to coarse grains. According to experts, the water can alike be used for irrigation. Then after the coal seams, a deep aquifer at 200m depth is present. This aquifer is a source of water for tube surface installed in Thar. 2.Moreover, all the analysis carried out by various organisations at different ti mes show that coal itself contains about 46% wet in it. 3. For complete burning of coal in UCG, a temperature of 1000C is required. It is evaluate that the temperature will not be maintained at 1000 C due to 46% moisture leading to an incomplete burning of coal. The volatilisable matter will burn and FC content / the most valuable segment may remain un-burnt leading to a very low HV gas. 4. almost one year ago, Dr. M. Saleem (a member of Dr. Samar Team) predicted that the syn gas obtained will lose a calorific regard as of 106 BTU/cubic foot.Now they claim that they have obtained a gas but have not declared the calorific value yet. This claimed HHV is tenth part of Natural gas. Due to high moisture content, it would be lower than this claimed value. 5. It is expected to yield production of very low grade and uneconomic syn gas, pusher high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphureted. 6. The gas with such a low heating value cannot be linked with the national grid. On twenty-fifth July, 2012 Dr. Samar briefing Standing Committee on Information Technology express that gas companies have refused to buy this gas. 7.If the heat contained in 46% moisture, compressors energy consumption, energy required for carbon dioxide removal, water removal, H2S, (Hydrogen Sulphide) HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) removal, tar removal and opposite operational energy consumption is subtracted from the per unit syngas net heating value (that is vital for power generation) will be further lowered. 8. As the gasification proceeds, the water seepage from the upper aquifer will continue leading to further lessening in temperatures inside the chamber resulting further incomplete burning and forsaking a good deal lower HV gas along with un used air. . The sulphur content in the Thar coal will generate H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) during gasification leading to an environmental sequel in Thar as a result of poisonous gases like H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) and HCN (Hydrogen Cy anide) from the UCG chambers to the surface through the very loose overlying strata and through newly developed or pre-existing cracks etc. 10. There will by chance be contamination of underground water so precious in Thar area, with poisonous chemics originating from the burn chambers. 11. Proper scrutiny of Thar coal project is missing.One cannot experience the models of the Thar UCG operation especially the reaction kinetics, heat transfer, gas flow etc ? that are fundamental for every project. 12. For UCG research, experts are of the opinion that the location allotted block V is not a right location because to stop the operation will not be easy and that can destroy the finished deposit. It should have been an isolated location. On the basis above stated concerns, turnout of very low grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphurated hydrogen due to high water and sulphur table of contents of the Thar coal is expected.T he scope of Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand project was to generate electricity. But after claimed trials, he is now trying to give a new lolly washing soda to the nation that Diesel and methanol will be produced from Thar coal gas. The question is that India, China and USA and all different countries are generating electricity from coal why they are not producing methanol and diesel? Can you verbalize the nation how much percentageage of global coal is used for these obsoleted routes compared to the coal used for power generation?Pakistan has about 83 pelf mill and methanol can be produced as by product of sugar at much cheaper rate with very precise investment compared to the coal route suggested by Dr. Samar. Being a coal technologist and chemical dish technologist I can warn that without knowing the process details, economics and economies of scale, a nuclear- political scientist is misleading the nation. If UCG of Thar is a wise option, why commercial organisations like Sindh Eng ro coal Mining Comp each, Oracle coal field, UK and world(prenominal) Mining, China are opting open pit tap at Thar.Definitely, each profit making organisation that believes in no free luncheon will go for tested commercial technologies. Only a assembly of retired hit and trial masters from various fields former(a) than coal can afford this luxury on state expenses. Currently,8142 trillion westward hour of electricity is being generated from world coal. Out of which how much is generated from UCG? The answer is zero. In response to my post UK-PK coal conference statement of Dr . Samar Mubarak Mands lobby through a journalist managed a news feature against me in Daily News on 23rd July, 2012.I squarely condemn the passing objectionable language he used. Instead of presenting his view point he tried for character assassination. He declared me as an American agent because I have technically exposed them. I understand that Dr. Samar and his fellows who get heavy Financial benefi ts from Thar UCG project consider everyone as their personalised enemy who criticize the Thar UCG project honestly. Dr. A. Q Khan raised questions on Thar UCG project and declared that Dr Samar intellectually dishonest. Is he an American Agent?Now a days, Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand is running PPP Election Campaign to get heavy pecuniary resource released. Despite the appearance of Dr. Samar in PPP media campaign on TV for bordering elections, Federal Minister for water and power Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar has stated in a TV talk show Awam ki Adalat on Geo TV dated 15-07-2012 that there is no truth in Dr. Samars claims. Is he an American Agent? Dr. Shahid Naveed, Dean of Engineering, University of Engg&038 Tech Lahore has similar views on Thar UCG project. Is he an American agent?Daily The Nation in its editorial on 11 august 2012, wrote that Dr Mubarakmands has been the lone voice in the country advocating the idea and demanded a team of world class experts to do a feasibility study, cov ering technical as well as pecuniary aspects prior to pour massive investment in this project that is what I have pointed out. What. The senior journalist with so-called solid knowledge should grow the art of investigation based journalism and note that I have doctorate in the area of coal technology from UK and numerous planetary research publications in high impact factor journals are on my credit.I am not an alien in the field of coal technology like Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand. As far as the Angren project is concerned, no distrust its one of the oldest UCG site but IEA however ranked it as pilot project. It is an admitted fact that UCG as a technique is still not a commercial technology. My considered opinion is that opening pit minelaying is the right strategy to extract coal. Once the coal is in our hands, there will be more invertors for the establishment of coal-fired power generation plants and our pricy country would enjoy 100000MW cheaper electricity for five hinder ed years.The writer is the Professor &038 handler of Centre for Coal Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore. This news was published in print paper. gate complete paper of this day. electricity has become an essential part of our lives and its outage adversely affects the countrys economic growth and daily lives of common people. Since the past few decades, there has been an enormous increase in the demand of electricity and no appreciative steps have been taken to cope up this issue. Now the demand has exceeded supply and loadshedding has become a common issue.Every day an outage of 3-4 hours has to be faced by the people and in summer period the outage length increases to an unbearable level which is making the lives miserable for everyone. What is the political relation doing to learn a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategical steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? Is private sector willing to invest in Pakist ans oil industry? What are the incentives being offered to the foreign players to continue running(a) in the exploration sector? What hurdles are stopping other big players around the world to enter Pakistan?What is the role of gas statistical distribution companies so far? Are the citizens of Pakistan being robbed by energy giants with ever rising utility bills? What should be the trustworthy price of petroleum, kerosene and other oil products in Pakistan? When will the nation have loadshedding free electric supply? guide we been able to make long term contracts with the countries to provide uninterrupted supply of energy resources? Will the government be able to provide enough sources to the citizens for a sustainable economic growth? Have we lost the race for acquiring maximum energy resources for future natural selection?Pakistan has rich reserves of coal. Most of the power generation in m both parts of the world is being done by using coal as an energy resource. Thar, Lakhr a, Badin etc are some of the mammoth coal reserves in Pakistan. If we talk about Thar reserves only we get astound facts. Thar coal reserves of Sindh are about 850 trillion cubic feet, which is more than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. These reserves are estimated at 850 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas, about 300 times higher than Pakistans proven gas reserves of 28 TCF.Dr Murtaza Mughal, President of Pakistan Economy Watch, in a statement said that these reserves of coal worth USD 25 trillion could not only cater to the electricity necessitys of the country for the next 100 years but similarly save almost billions of dollars in staggering oil import bill. Just two percent usage of Thar coal can produce 20,000 MW of electricity for next 40 years, without any single second of loadshedding and if the whole reserves are utilised, then it can easily be imagined how much energy could be generated. The coal power generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5. 7 per unit whi le power generated by Independent Power purposes cost PKR 9. 27 It requires just 420 billion rupees initial investment whereas Pakistan receives annually 1220 billion from tax only. Chinese and other countries companies have not only carried out surveys and feasibility of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in the last seven to eight-spot years but the petroleum gang always discouraged them in a very systematic way. Petroleum lobby is very strong in Pakistan and they are against any other means of power generation except for the imported oil.This lobby is the major beneficiary of the increasing oil bill that is estimated to be above 15 billion dollar this year. beyond the shadow of any doubt coal energy is the most operable solution to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan. The government should seriously hypothecate about it and put untiring efforts to cater to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan by utilising coal reserves. BUSHRA ASIM Karachi Tuesday, Ma y 22, 2012 More Sharing ServicesShareShare on facebookShare on twitterShare on linkedinShare on stumbleuponShare on emailShare on facebook_like Thar coal Pakistans hope for energy self-sufficiencyBy Amjad Agha Recently it has been reported that the Planning instruction has immovable to stop further financing of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Project at Thar, since no encouraging results are forthcoming. This UCG project is the brainchild of Dr Samar Mubarakmand, who has been working on it for the last couple of years. This news has been given lot of coverage by the media, and a wrong impression is being created as if the Planning Commission has rejected the Thar coal. It is surprising that so far the Planning Commission has not clarified their position. obviously the objection pertains to underground gasification of the Thar coal and not the mining of the huge deposit of coal. Thar coal deposits are the largest resource discovered in the country, which can provide the much-n eeded solution for generating large amount of electricity for many many years at affordable price. The estimates indicate that 135 to 175 billion tonnes of lignite coal can be obtained from the deposit, which can produce thousands of megawatts of electricity for decades. Thar coal can be obtained by open cast mining similar to the order used all over the world.The UCG is a regularity of converting unworked coal coal still in the ground into a comburant gas, which can be used for power generation. The UCG is at present not extensively used commercially, but research is going on to make it commercially attractive. However, the open pit mining of coal is the normal method being used, and most of the coal is being obtained in this manner. The UCG method is still in the research stage and if found suitable for Thar coal, it will be useful and economical. Therefore, Dr Mubarakmands project may be curtailed but should not be stopped until it reaches final outcome.The open cast mining of Thar coal is the project, which the nation has been keenly awaiting, but for some unknown reasons the work on it has still not started. Couple of months ago an article Thar Coal and Energy Security by Muhammad Younus Dagha was printed in Dawn newspaper. Dagha is the secretary coal and energy Sindh. In the article, he had stated that final arrangement have been completed by Global Mining Company of China for Block-1 and another by Sindh Engro Coal Mining for Block-II. The mining on these projects shall reportedly start by June. Are these dates still valid?The public is desperately waiting for any good news about electricity. The Planning Commission should immediately clear their statement on Thar coal and inform the public about the real status on start of mining. In my recent paper Electricity Crisis and Circular Debt, it was explained that real cause of the electricity crisis in the country is due to faulty fuel mix as we are using the highly expensive furnace oil as the main f uel for generating electricity. The fuel cost to generate one Kwh (unit) of electricity through furnace is about Rs 17-18.This does not involve the fixed charges for the plant, transmission and distribution costs and losses etc. Since the government cannot afford to buy the oil at this high price, therefore some(prenominal) thermal power plants are shut down or producing much below their capacity. A news item indicated recently that monthly requirement of furnace oil for power plants is 32,000 tonnes but only 10,000 tonnes of oil is being imported. Obviously the generation is accordingly low. The natural gas is another fuel which is being used but is in short supply and very little is available for generation of electricity.The country needs $5 billion for the import of oil, only one-third of the amount will be required if the fuel mix is changed from oil. Globally about 21,000Twh of electricity is consumed per year, 41 percent of this electricity is generated through coal. China generates 78 percent of its electricity through coal, India 68 percent, USA 48 percent but Pakistan only 0. 1 percent. The world does not use oil for electricity, as less than five percent of the world electricity is generated through oil, but Pakistan is using oil for 40 percent of its electricity, which obviously it cannot afford.Its time that we wake up to these realities, and revolve around on mining Thar coal and start generating electricity through this indigenous resource. Obtaining natural gas through fracturing of underground shale rocks is big news these days. The US is leading in this technology, and China is following very fast. Does Pakistan have any plans for expanding our natural gas production, again no information is passed on to the public. The writer is president of the Associated Consulting Engineers, former managing director of NESPAK, and former chief executive of Pakistan Hydro Consultants for the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project

Middleware Essay

What is middlew ar? The border middleware is defined by ones point of view. It is used to run along a broad array of tools and data that help applications use networked resources and services. any(prenominal) tools, such as authentication and directories, are in all categorizations. separate services, such as coscheduling of networked resources, secure multicast, object brokering and messaging, are the major middleware recreates of specific communities, such as scientific researchers and business systems vendors.One definition that reflects this pretentiousness of meaning is Middleware is the intersection of the stuff that network engineers dont privation to do with the stuff that applications developers dont want to do. Why is middleware central? Middleware has emerged as a critical second aim of an enterprise IT basis, sit down on top of the network level.The necessitate for middleware stems from the increasing growth in the enactment of applications, in the customiz ations at bottom those applications and the number of locations in our environments these and other factors immediately require that a set of core data and services be moved from their multiple instances into a centralized institutional offering. This central grooming of service eases application development, increases robustness, assists data management, and provides overall operating(a) efficiencies.Okay, so it is important. a great deal of things are these days. Why is it urgent? There are several drivers pitch middleware to campus Advanced scientific computing environments such as PACI are placing requirements on campus researchers for middleware services such as authentication and directories. Library projects such as the UCOP/Columbia certificate project will be extending across a broader higher ed community . The Federal government is preparing requirements for digital signatures for assimilator loan forms.New versions of software, such as Windows 2000, come with the t ools to build ad hoc middleware components. What is urgent is that the campus builds a coherent infrastructure to respond to these drivers. What makes the higher ed and research communities distinctive in its need for middleware? Many companies and other communities of interest are rapidly understanding the importance of middleware to their missions and are proceeding with development.higher(prenominal) didactics faces unique technical and policy issues in its deployment. Technical issues complicate the mobility of students, the diversity of equipment, and advanced application requirements. Policy issues include ownership of data, FERPA and other public records issues, and extended collaborative relationships. Together these considerations make the middleware deployment significantly harder within higher education. When middleware becomes part of the IT environment, how critical will a robust infrastructure be?The middleware components of the future IT environment will be every m o as critical as the underlying network infrastructure, requiring 724 service, high-performance, and appropriate redundancy. Directory services will be receive millions of hits per day identifiers will have explicit control mechanisms attribute services will be invoked by almost every application on campus lawyers will ship stringent operational constraints on security services. Is middleware a centralized or distributed issue on campus?It is both. Like network services on campus, in that location is a need for a consistent infrastructure across campus that is shell provisioned centrally. At the same time, much of the contents of this infrastructure are shell maintained by the individuals themselves and their departments. The trick is to create a centrally incorporate service that provides tools and authority for distributed management of the contents. Arent we going to get middleware from the technical marketplace?It is certainly the case that most basic middleware products t hat higher education will deploy commercial products, from broad software companies such as Microsoft and Novell, and from specific product providers such as Netscape, HP, and ATT. However a number of distinctive characteristics of the higher ed community create design considerations that in turn cause complex implementations. In addition, the research part of the academic enterprise needs additional discipline-specific middleware that is likely not going to draw off a commercial interest.Finally, the collaborative nature of higher education kindle interoperability issues that must be addressed within the community. What kind of investments will campuses need to make? Like networking, middleware will require considerable commitments of time and money. However, the types of cost are different. Networking has required large sums of capital (for fiber, routers, switches, etc. ) and considerable operating costs (for external access, maintenance, etc. ) Personnel costs have been rela tively modest.For middleware, the hardware costs (servers, readers, etc. are likely to be relatively low. Software costs are unclear instantaneously, but there are clearly considerable expenses in building bridges to legacy systems and evolving middleware-enabled applications. unlike networking, there is a second major cost component in middleware process time. A campus must develop consensus and support for the need for middleware, wrap up data ownership and management issues, specify relationships among individuals, groups and information technology objects, constitute legal agreements and change the way that information is managed on the campus.How does the Internet2 Middleware Initiative guess to address these needs? Efforts will focus on advancing the level of middleware within higher education through a set of link up activities, including fostering technical standards, aggregating and disseminating technical design and implementation strategies, fostering opportunities for vendors and Internet2 members to skeleton and deploy products, and integrating efforts with particular scientific and research communities.What should campuses be doing now? It is not to early for campuses to begin the processes that address the policy-side of the challenge, building awareness somewhat the need for middleware, identifying key constituencies that will be involved in the process, and fetching basic inventories of the data and management relationships on campus. At the same time, experimentation in the core technologies, most notably in directory services, should be undertaken.

Australian Rules

Ladies and gentleman, the charter Australian Rules is simply impossible to overlook as Australias entry into the international film everything that a proper Australian film should, drama, romance, action and deceit. It portrays cultural differences that create segregation in the midst of the fabrics of society in a t make that doesnt possess the capacity to co- make it which is evident in urbanized Australia.My name is ______, and I am taking it upon myself today to spot you, the good people of the Australian Film Board that Australian Rules is fitted of earning massive accolade at the international film competition and doing Australia great favours in the eyes of the international film community. The director, Paul Goldman, has achieved what he feels to be an honest and frank interpretation of our Australian identity through the exercise and skilful manipulation of several film techniques such as setting, cinematography, ca determinationization, music and symbolism.I will di scuss these techniques with you in detail as i continue. The movie is set in Prospect Bay, a remote frontier settlement on the South Australian coast. It is a dry, desolate and unappealing discipline which is confirmed by the lives lived by the tidy towns few residents. The town has been presented in this fashion as it trys the admittedly remoteness of the location, and presents the auditory sense with the fact that the characters atomic number 18 non in or even near the city, do non follow the city culture and do not partake in activities in a conventional way.The setting in which the movie takes move is of greater importance to the overall meat of the film than perhaps everything else. It requires the message that there is another side to Australia, one which suburbia has not been candid to. Gary B escape, usually referred to as Blacky by his peers, is the kind hearted and idealistic feature character in the film. He is separated from the rest of the community as he is willing to see beyond the barrier of white vs. Black and exist in both worlds, away from the insurmountable racial tension that is patently displayed by the actions and attitudes of the wider community.He is positioned in such a light that his actions, whether they be positive, or negative, ar seen to be in good will and are intended to be without malice, regardless of whether this is the case. He is also placed in a position of weakness and vulnerability. This is showcased through the relationship which is shared between Blacky and his forefather. He is portrayed as being afraid of his father and not willing to examine his fathers role within his own life, but more mportantly his familys life and question his use of negative, rapacious and demeaning tactics which he employs in order to gain large control of his family and eliminate any defiant or disobedient behaviour. The use and manipulation of cinematography passim the film is of massive importance as it presents different characters in a desired way which helps to shape the film. For lawsuit the camera be givens in the scene in which Blackys father exposes him and Clarence fiction in bed together and proceeds to beat Garry down. The camera angle depicts Garry lying on the ground with an upward shot centred at the fathers horrible presence.The shot is almost the point of view Garry would have experienced as he was was lying on the ground in fear. This was the angles particular purpose, to emphasise the presence of fear and trepidation in that situation. The use of music, or lack thereof in the film is a regent(postnominal) way of distinguishing the true feelings and emotions in any given situation. If there is a light hearted hail-fellow moment within the film the music may possibly be calm and light, giving the impression of carelessness and fun. The same applies to a spectacular scene where the music may be deep and frantic to convey to the audience the feeling of anticipation.A scene i would like to revolve around on is the scene in which Garry and his father have a last(a) showdown, if you will, at the front of the house. The scene consists of the father imposing himself on Garry and proceeding to continually beat him down metre after time only for Garry to rise up and face his father on to each one occasion. This scene evoked a feeling of pride and admiration from the audience as to Garrys courage and determination to convey the message to his father that he is ready to stand on his own two feet and survive him.This is a very powerful scene within the movie which initiated powerful emotions within the audience. All of this was accomplished with the notable absence of music of any form. The omission of music in this scene created an atmosphere in which the striking affect was amplified due to the silence. The use of symbolism is clearly evident throughout the film. From the contrast of the colours on the teams uniform which many a(prenominal) believe to be a hi dden symbol of unity as such, to the final scene of the movie which entails Garry and Clarence swimming in the ocean in what appears to be a yin-yan formation.One notable use of symbolism in the film is that of the fruit and nut bar. This symbolises the fathers role in the family, as something straightforward as a bar of chocolate can mean so much within the context of the families relationships. It is the ultimate symbol of the dominate and exacting position in which the father holds within the household. I wish to convey you, the members of the film board for your valuable time and hope you have taken into consideration the message I have conveyed to you today.

Mr Smallwood

Yes points possible 100. 0 Resubmissions Allowed? No Attachments checked for originality? Yes Assignment book of instructions McDonalds and in love call for Invested heavily In ontogeny their brand name and selling initiatives domesticatedally and Internationally. While they both have experienced emergence pains, they have also enjoyed the sweet successes memoriseed from each other. While surmount practices were not always the buzz word for some organizations over the years, they did learn from each other in their way.However, like any other business, they whitethorn not want to admit that there were lessons learned and practices realized by other businesses which helped them to grow and thrive in various securities industrys. delight engineer a moment and cipher about the following question as you bring up to inquiry and write the assignment for this week. How do you think McDonalds and Struck were able to establish their brands to fit local markets wrought architect ural send off of the stores, their e-commerce strategies and service to accommodate the local markets and culture? . Please explain their approaches each and determine if there are any differences or similarities. 2. Do you think Struck benefited from the missteps by McDonalds that you will read about in your research? 3. You should use reference material from course readings and outside sources when needed to gird your argument Complete your answers in a Word document with daddy formatting and submit Assignment 3 by midnight, Day .What marketing considerations do you need to understand as you evolve from a domestic supplier or international distributor to a fully interconnected global company? Is It an easy transition or does it demand restructuring of your market functions? Pretend that l, your CEO, have asked you to open up give (5) different overseas locations for our domestic business. What are some of these marketing considerations that we have to focus on first, and wha t are some future marketing considerations? Submit your forum placement 4 Minimal post by midnight.Please suspend to two (2) of your classmates posts by midnight, Day 7. Please review the rubric for Forum postings as you prepare these postings for this week. Mr.. Smallwood By mallard open Date June Z 2014 1200 AM Points Possible 100. 0 McDonalds and Struck have invested heavily in developing their brand names and marketing initiatives domestically and internationally. While they both have it an easy transition or does it demand restructuring of your market functions? Considerations? Submit your Forum Post 4 initial post by midnight, Day 4. Please

Internal and External Constraints Affecting Top Gear plc Essay

In this task I shall establish the m whatever difficulties liner vellicate sky plc and the internal and external cons drawstringts that may allude the corporation. I entrust alike include constraints that the force charabanc leave alone pay back on to keep in mind when he is preparing course advertisements, and, engross examples to display how these constraints leave affect the decision demonstraters of Top railroad train plc.I will discuss internal constraints first and later go on to discuss the external constraints that affect both Top tilt plc and the staff office private instructor.When preparing a contrast advertisement the Personnel Manager will go through to envision at several internal constraints before hand. oneness thing the Personnel Manager may do is check thither is actually a descent for a untried employee or that a naked employee is needed. thither is no point in ciphering to a greater extent employees if at that place argon already s ufficient employees to do the amount of survey that needs to be d bingle. He will excessively confound to look at the payment of refreshed employees. The Personnel Manager will have to discuss this with the manager of the incision looking to recruit sensitive employees, or whichever subdivision is paying for the peeled recruits, and see whether their bud pass water can afford to pay for a innovative recruit.An other(a) area the Personnel Manager would have to echo roughly is whether the comp either can accommodate rude(a) employees. For example if the job required an office to work from, and Top slant plc didnt have any offices remaining, they would be unable to accommodate a new employee. Also the troupe may be required to have parking spaces for each case-by-case employees. Also the Personnel Manager would have to examine if there are enough resources for a new recruit to carry out the job they have been hired for. If Top gearing plc hired nighone to bedevil deli veries, and then found they did not have enough vehicles for the new recruit and existing staff, they would be paying for someone who was doing nothing. The Personnel Manager would also have to consider, if there were an inadequate amount of resources, whether it would be monetary value-affective to buy to a greater extent of the required resources or whether it would be cheaper to not recruit any new employees.Another constraint may be that the fraternity uses a specializer type of equipment or software package and the Personnel Manager would have to include this as part of the job advertisement. For example, Top Gear plc may use a certain graphics package when designing new clothes, so, new employees involved in the design department of Top Gear plc would have to be able to use that certain graphics package. If they could not use the graphics package then they would require training and this would cost more money, and, if Top Gear plc was only looking to recruit one employee it may be considered a waste of time and money to train one individual employee.Internal constraints also affect other areas of the company. One instance in which the directors of Top Gear plc are qualifying to have to take internal constraints into very serious consideration will be when they attribute their idea of introducing a website to the company into practice. Top Gear plc will have to recruit new batch and buy new equipment to use and maintain the new website and other things associated with the introduction of the website such(prenominal) as more vehicles for the expected extra deliveries. Also new recruits, and current employees, if they are to be used, will have to have the right skills and qualifications required to fare the new website work. These are just a few of the internal constraints that would likely affect a company such as Top Gear plc. in that respect are also many external constraints affecting businesses such as Top Gear plc. When preparing a job advertis ement the Personnel Manager will also have to take several of these into consideration. Some of the major constraints that will have to be focused on are include in Employment Legislation. Such legislation includes Acts such as the wellness and Safety at Work Act, Race Relations Act, Equal pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act. These mean that the Personnel Manager cannot be either sexist or racist in his advertisement and that he will have to be careful that he doesnt inadvertently produce an advert containing anything that could be interpreted as though he was being racist or sexist or discriminate to other such individuals as disabled people.The Personnel Manager must make sure the payment for the job is fair otherwise he is going against the Equal Pay Act. If one person is being paid d a month in Top Gear plc and a job vacancy appears for someone to do the same job for only four hundred this would be unfair to the new employee. It is very unlikely an employee would work for less(prenominal) money than someone doing the same job and would be a self-aggrandizing idea to pay them less as Top Gear plc would get into trouble and would soon find themselves with one less employee and another vacancy.The milieu were the company is based will also have an affect on the company. If Top Gear plc were based in an area with high employment, such as London, the chances of getting a high skilled worker for a low payment are quite slim as there will probably be many other jobs that are will to pay more to have highly skilled employees, so the Personnel Manager will have to take this into consideration when deciding and publishing the amount which the job will pay.If the vacancy requires new offices to be built, or an expansion of factory space, Top Gear plc will have to lodge to local anesthetic government planning regulations and may also annoy some local environmental pressure groups which will try and stop the new buildings being built. The Directors, as well as the Personnel Manager, would have to check whether it is worth having new buildings, or current buildings extended, and whether the possibility of causing local pressure groups to take treat against the company is likely. Top Gear plc require to have a good record. If environmental pressure groups take action against the company it will spoil Top Gear plcs reputation and construction would be slowed if not completely stopped as the people complain about the company.Other pressure groups will also be considered in decisions of the company such as Trade Unions and Consumer Groups. Top Gear plc will not want Trade Unions taking action against them so they will probably employ people to make sure the work environment is as safe and as fair as assertable so that Trade Unions are happy.Consumer Pressure groups will also be taken into consideration and so Top Gear plc will do their best to make sure products conform to Consumer Legislation such as the Trade Descriptions Act, Sale o f Goods Act and the Weights and Measures Act. This means that goods sold by Top Gear plc must be as described, be free from any defects, be of a decent merchantable quality and must be the correct measurement labelled on them.The Finance department also have certain external constraints such as Taxes. There are many taxes including corporation tax and VAT. Top Gear plc has to pay these taxes on the profit they make, the things they buy such as equipment, vehicles etc. Top Gear plc can claim VAT back from customs and excise. The Finance department will also have to take exchange rates and enliven rates into consideration when buying or selling items abroad or when taking out loans or other such borrowings.A big(p) external constraint is competition. The Personnel Manager may have to take this into account when preparing a job advertisement as if a competing company also have a vacancy for a similar job they may try and make their job seem more lovely by offering better payment, be tter bonuses or other such things. The Personnel Manager may take this into account and try to make the job sound as interesting as possible. Competition will also affect the prices Top Gear plc sells its products at and may be the cause for a reduction in prices as Top Gear plc are competing to have more customers than other companies.In conclusion there are many types of internal and external constraints that affect any company especially one like Top Gear plc. The Personnel Manager will have many constraints to consider when preparing for the advertisement and must think carefully about what is included within his final advertisement. The directors of Top Gear plc, who are the main decision makers, will also expected to put a lot of thought toward external constraints also as the wrong decisions could mean disaster for the company.

That the environmental quality improves the further away from the CBD you go

That the environmental wood worldly concern improves the farther away from the CBD you go. embark 6 intends how m each penalty points each field of study scored for environmental calibre.The Bewdley bridle-path bea had a good environmental quality in that location was olive-sized noise, traffic or vandalism and easy access to the shops and schools. b arely beca office it is a terraced area in that location is really little open space or grassy area. Also across the road from the terraces on that point are some(prenominal) industrial premises as immortalizen in Figure .All the residential squares scored surrounded by 6-15 points, which is good.Barnetts lane has an first-class environmental quality. The roads are lined with trees and grassed areas, the area is absolved of undue noise or traffic and there is no sign of vandalism. There was a school in my study area, which showed the oddment proximity between the residential areas and the school. As you quarter see fro m the photos in Figures 30-33 the bases are part of the nice environment. Only one square take a shits any penalty points.Spennels as you would expect from an upmarket novel solid ground has an excellent environmental quality and gets absolutely no penalty points. The landscape is clean and well kept and there are plenty of grasses areas for recreational drug abuse or otherwise. The estate is self-contained with shops and a school shown in figures 16 and 17. In the corner of my study area there was a nature reserve that demonstrates the high quality environment in that area.Birchen copse is not up to the standards of Spennels. The open spaces and grassed areas arent as well kept and there are signs of litter and vandalism. There are shops and a school deep down the estate but nevertheless most of the area still pull ahead 10 points from a possible 65, which isnt good for a residential area. This could be explained by the fact that it is an older council estate that isnt as well looked later on and is excessively showing signs of bestrideing.This does hold water my hypothesis as the environmental quality does improve further away from the CBD, especi all toldy between Bewdley road and Spennels.I believe there is a link between environmental quality and age. More modern areas prepare been built to provide bettor environmental precedents so that people want to live there because otherwise null would want to live in a town now that there is good transport available to the masses. Older areas were built purely to house as many people as possible to work in their factories in the knowledge that people had to live there or they couldnt get to work.Hypothesis 2That size and visible condition improve the further away from the CBD.The Bewdley road area was closest to the CBD and it also had the subtleest buildings. It is all small terraced housing from the Victorian period. Many of the houses have been done up as development projects so they have a go od somatic condition. However due to the age of the buildings they arent perfect and score between 5-8 points in the residential areas.The Barnetts lane area has big semi-detached and detached houses in excellent physical condition. From the photos it is clear that the people who live here are prepared to kick the bucket a lot of money to maintain the physical condition of their properties.Spennels also has many large semi-detached and detached houses in excellent physical condition. The physical condition of the houses is very good as all the houses are modern and built to a high standard. The photos in Figures 14 and 15 show the lam of houses on the estate and their high quality. Again no points are scored.However Birchen coppice wasnt in as good physical condition as Barnetts lane or Spennels. Again this can be explained by the fact that it is a council estate that was built a mates of decades ago and is quite old. It has an average score of 5 points for physical condition which isnt that bad.These results show the link between distance from the CBD and size effectively and support my hypothesis. There is also a general trend in the avail of physical condition but it isnt as clearly defined as my other conclusions.There is also an obvious link between age and physical condition and that more modern buildings are in better physical condition.Hypothesis 3That the CBD contains mainly commercial buildings.This is shown to be truthful in Figure 4, which clearly shows the dominant commercial sector. Figure 13 shows that 63% of the area is commercial. The other 37% is used for public buildings much(prenominal) as the town hall and doctors surgeries, open space for parking and there is currently a large area, almost 13%, which is vacant land being developed. This land is also being developed into more commercial properties including a large supermarket shown in Figure 40. Before the renovation there were large carpet factories on the land, almost in the very philia of the town, and this shows the shift in land use from industrial manufacturing to commercial. This demonstrates the successful redevelopment of brown field sites in favour of out of town ballpark field sites. The vacant land isnt being turned into residential properties because it is as well valuable as commercial land which companies will pay larger sums for. There is very little other vacant land in the centre for development so it is very sought after.My hypothesis is be to be true. This is because commercial properties need to be in the centre of a settlement so their range and threshold is maximized and they have the largest possible field of honor of influence. The constant flow of traffic around the centre and large poem of pedestrians provide the huge potential markets that the commercial companies need to survive.Hypothesis 4That the age of the buildings will decrease the further away from the CBD.The age of the buildings is not as clearly defined in figur e 5 as I would have liked. The photos show the difference in age more clearly and it is obvious from them how much the ages vary.In the photos of Bewdley road there are plaques on which you can dates of when they were built, the house in the photo being 1986. These houses were all built in the Victorian era probably to house the workers that worked at the many carpet factories.The next furthest from the CBD is Barnetts lane which has a range of ages. Most are built inter-war or sound after the reciprocal ohm World War. However there are also several very modern buildings from the nineties shown in Figure 33.Birchen coppice is a relatively old council estate built in the mid sixties. The photo in Figure 18 shows the basic semi detached houses distinctive of sixties estates. However it is far from the CBD. This could be explained by when it was built it may have been an out of town estate which has been amalgamated into the town as it has grown.Spennels is a modern estate built in the late eighties. The photos show the modern designs and styles and how similar they are across the range of properties. Today the estate is still growing slowly outwards.These results, except for Birchen coppice, support my hypothesis. another(prenominal) possible explanation for the variation could be that Kidderminster spread faster southeastwards than southwestwards. resultantI believe that Kidderminster fits the nuclei model best, as there are distinctive land uses in small areas such as residential in the estates and industrial at Oldington. Kidderminster also takes ideas from the sector model in that it has residential and industrial sectors.However no town or city can exactly fit any model exactly, as they are just there to help us understand the world, not provide a definitive explanation. Models cannot account for both different physical factor of every different settlement.Land use in Kidderminster is changing drastically at the moment and there is huge urban redevelop ment. Tesco and B&Q have both knocked down old industrial buildings and built huge superstores, as shown in Figures 38-41.Also a large commercial estate extracurricular the CBD has been built which will draw people away from the CBD to shop in these larger developments. This shows how towns cannot possibly fit a model.Urban land use is a continuous process and I believe that Kidderminster is currently in a transition period from the old industrial past to the young commercial future.

Teaching Literacy in the Primary School

All elements of literacy are inter-related. This go offvass forget examine the translation process and how the instruct of speaking, listening, makeup and reading every last(predicate)(prenominal) last(predicate) influence educatees festering in many an(prenominal) behaviors. One pupils run-in and literacy reading will be explored in this context, with a particular emphasis on his reading progression. Literacy is the ability to use linguistic process to fleet ones ideas expressively, finished speaking and writing and receptively, through listening and reading. (Palmer, S 2003). The Department for procreation (2012) explains that pupils acquisition of lyric allows them to accession learning crosswise the curriculum.Notably, reading aids pupils formulatement culturally, emotionally, spiritually and affablely. Since 1988 and the introduction of the interior(a) Curriculum, the government drive overseen the direction of position and literacy in schools. It was not until the publication of The Rose Review in 2006 however, that a standard strategy for instructing reading was devised. In his report, Rose reviewed the way early reading was taught and advised that all clawren should imbibe a ascertain foundation of phonics knowledge so that they are able to link graphemes to phonemes and amalgamate these into haggling.As a burden, it became statutory for schools to use a daily, systematic, synthetic style of instruct phonics. To help schools instigate this new t for each oneing style, the Communication, Language and Literacy Development picture (CLLD) was introduced in 2006. Local authorities were given trained consultants, often instructors, who could prototype high quality phonics statement and ensure the findings of the Rose Review were implement effectively.Ofsted (2010) reported, that several schools, from a sample demonstrating outstanding practice in their teaching of early literacy, used a scheme such as earn and Sounds, published by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) in 2007. These schemes initially teach phonemes alongside their written representation (graphemes), followed by the skill of blending and segmenting graphemes to lay aside and decode individual words. It is widely recognised that the teaching of phonics enables children to decode words, and does not teach an find outing of vocabulary. The skill of decoding is not overflowing to enable children to read effectively.Rose (2006) in any case observe this in his review, Different kinds of teaching are infallible to develop word recognition skills from those that are needed to foster the comprehension of written and spoken language. Wyse and Parker (2010), cited by the Institute of Education (2012), argue in favour of contextualised teaching, which begins by looking at whole texts that pupils can relate to, thus motivating them to read independently. They championship that although important, the teaching of phonics, in a way where it is exaggerated above all other elements, comes with serious risk and that childrens language skills develop trounce through classroom talk.Until recently, the importance of mouth and Listening was overlooked by many schools. Ofsted (2005) reported that the teaching of speaking and listening had been neglected and the localize of contexts in which children are given the opportunity to converse with their peers was constrained. It is crucial to understand that as each strand of literacy is equally important, a child who struggles to communicate verbally will engender difficulty in communicating or understanding concepts in written form. Douglas (2009) observes, Speaking and listening skills underpin all learning and are the start of all other literacy skills.Rose (2006) observed, Schools abide massive opportunities and unique advantages for developing speaking and listening skills. Activities such as talking partners develop childrens vocabulary by getting them to section their ideas about set questions in short bursts, throughout the lesson. This technique can be integrated into the teaching of any concept across the curriculum, sum the opportunities to acquire new language are infinite. period of play is part of the Speaking and Listening strand of the National Literacy Strategy.McMaster (1998) explains that it is an invaluable tool as it supports every aspect of literacy development. Drama can extend vocabulary develop decoding and conversational skills and improve understanding of syntax, as well as metacognitive knowledge. Drama also aids personal, social and emotional development (PSED). By kind in situations as if they were real, children build the confidence to express themselves and develop creative thinking and empathy. These attri andes are closely associated with reading development, as they facilitate comprehension and answer (Wagner, B.1988 Vygotsky, S. 1976 cited by McMaster, J. 1998)Poetry is also a useful tool to improve pupils personal, social and emotional development (PSED). Children should be encouraged to believe that poetry is a normal human operation, a very intense one and an activity that people often resort to at crucial times in their lives which shows its central importance. (Longley, M. 2008 cited by McLeish, J. 2008) In Early Years Foundation give (EYFS) and Key Stage 1, learning nursery rhymes and other unprejudiced poems and songs assists the development of phonological awareness.The repeated rhythm and rhyme patterns develop an understanding of how words can be broken into syllables. The next stage is to understand that each syllable is made up of a structure of gruellings, onsets (the initial phoneme) and rimes (the remaining sound in the syllable. ) Wilson (2005) believes this is a fundamental skill to develop if a child is to blend and segment efficiently. Sharing poetry and re-telling stories provide the basis for the ripple for Writing initiative, developed by The Nationa l Strategies (2010), in conjunction with Pie Corbett.The National Strategies explain good readers learn about the skills of writing from their reading and go across (consciously or unconsciously) upon its models in their own work. Reciting poetry and rhymes, and re-telling stories enable children to assign language (referred to as imitation) so that it can later be reused in their own writing automatically. Once this skill is mastered, children can continue to compound parts of the trading floor (innovation) using aids such as story maps and shared writing. The final stage is invention, at this point pupils use the language and writing styles they acquired to create their own pieces of writing.In his early workshops, Corbett (2008) stated that these approaches to learning also work extremely well when teaching children to write in a non-fictional context. The use of speaking and listening is also an invaluable tool when teaching children with special educational needs (SEN). Co rbett (2004) states Many children with special needs have succeeded using this multi-sensory, oral strategy to developing composition. These children need as many opportunities as possible to internalise new vocabulary and writing styles that may be unfamiliar.The same is applicable to pupils who are learning English as an additional language (EAL). These children have the extra hurdle of comprehending vocabulary and writing styles that may differ greatly to that found in their first language. Cummins (1999) explains, thither are clear differences in acquisition and developmental patterns between conversational language and donnish language, or BICS (basic interpersonal communicative skills) and CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency). Children generally develop BICS within two grades of immersion in the target language, providing they spend much of their time inschool interacting with natural speakers.However, it typically takes children between five and seven years to develop CALP and thereof be working at a linguistic level interchangeable to their native speaking peers. It is therefore vital to provide a wide, vary range of opportunities for students to converse. The DFES (2004) explains, Bilingualism is an asset, and the first language has a continuing and significant voice in identity, learning and the acquisition of additional languages. Children who are truly bilingual will often work at a higher academic level than those who speak one language.Child C is a six year old boy. He is a native English speaker, although he does have developmental problems with his rescue and is currently seeing a linguistic process therapist. He lives with both his parents and his two brothers, aged seven and two. The following information has been sourced from interviews with his teachers and mother, his speech and language reports and his records of attainment. Permission from Cs parents and school were sought in order to include him in this study, and for reasons of confidentiality his anonymity will be value throughout. C was born nine days late with no issues at birth.C refused solid food until about 10 months of age, and his mother explained that he has constantly expressed a dislike for food that requires a lot of chewing. It was suggested to Cs parents that this may be a impart factor to his speech difficulties. C started babbling at about 22 months, experimenting with sounds and a a few(prenominal) words. His mother was able to understand his attempts to communicate by around 3 years of age, although other members of his family and the practitioners at his nursery school struggled to understand him, this caused C to become greatly frustrated and stressed when trying to express his wants and needs.It was at this point that C was referred for speech therapy. He was also referred for hearing tests which did not uncover any auditory problems. C and his older brother have shared books with their parents before bedtime since C was 2 years old. His mother explained that uncomplete of the boys demonstrated a strong interest for books and requests to be read to, apart(predicate) from before bed, were infrequent. Cs lack of interest was also observed by his EYFS teacher, as a result C was initially lone(prenominal) given one book a week to share at home, as much than this tended to overwhelm him and generate a refusal read at all.It was also noted in the early months of EYFS, C disliked contributing to group discussion or conversing extensively with his peers as a result of insecurity about his speech problems. He felt much more confident talking to adults on a one to one basis. C left EYFS with a reading level higher than the national just for his age group, although lower than that of most of his classmates. His ability to blend and segment graphemes was good, importee he was able to read and write a range of simple words.His ability to form particular cluster sounds orally remains an issue, but his confidence to communicate with his peers and contribute to group work has alter significantly. As a result, his range of vocabulary and comprehension has also improved. C has move with his speech therapy in KS1 and he receives daily interventions with a teaching participator to help with his sound formation. Cs current class teacher has observed that his reading has significantly improved recently C will now read quite complex sentences with some expression, using a range of decoding techniques such as segmenting and looking at concomitant pictures.C recently read a short passage to the rest of his class, demonstrating his improved reading skills and confidence levels. In conclusion, speaking, listening, reading and writing are all of equal importance. The strategies, tools and initiatives explored in this essay help children develop their reading skills. apiece strand can be built upon each other to develop a pupils literacy development as a whole. macrocosm literate is esse ntial if a child is to access all areas across the curriculum.

Recommendation Letter Essay

In my opinion, I film never before written a recommendation earn where the candidate and the opportunity were such a perfect fit. I have known Janet Lerner for two years now, since she took my introductory course in dinosaurs during her sophomore year. In my long teaching career, I have never met an undergrad student with such a genuine and focused interest in paleontology, and such a clear aptitude for it. I will institute this by speaking to Janets ability as a communicator, her particularised interest in dinosaur paleontology, and her maturity and integrity. Janet informs me that you are seeking a mean communicator to give tours of your animatronic displays.Even during her sophomore year, Janet was a skilled communicator on the drug-addicted of dinosaur paleontology. In my class, for which she received an A, Janet wrote two compositions one on the roots of the husking and the characteristics of Deinonychus one evaluating the defensive capabilities of Euoplocephalus. Janet proved herself not only exceptionally render and schooled on the subject at hand, but she alike showed herself capable of wielding an causemoving from premise to conclusion based on relevant evidence.Janet also did all this with style and flair. I cite excerpts from her papers Previously seen as cold-blooded, pea-brained lizards . . . and The toe muscles acted as a spring mechanism to flick the sweetener around towards the back of the foot. For me, such articulations underscore both Janets legitimate fascination with dinosaurs and her ability to communicate that excitement and knowledge to others.As an faculty member advisor to the dormitory where Janet lives, I frequently witness her interactions with others and know first-hand of her conjunction service. Last year, Janet was the elected vice-president in the dormitory, and in this role she was responsible for legion(predicate) functions, including faculty/student lunches and a recruiting phoneathon. Janet is well-respecte d in the dormitorya popular figure known for her honesty, calm, and kindness. I have seen her handle delicate situations with discretion, and she handles herself in all situations with poise.Finally, Janet has strong convictions tempered by good judgment and fence she has firm spiritual roots and an active, diverse, social life she is loyal, committed, and clear-sighted. It is a rarefied treat to encounter a student as impressive as Janet Lerner, and if you give her the opportunity I am sure you will expose her equally impressive. Please do give her your most thoughtful consideration.

Myself, the Writer Essay

Every human being in this world has what he or she enjoys doing. On my spell, I fetch a want for makeup and it has become my hobby since my racy school years. I developed warmheartedness towards the art of composing after having been support by my language teacher. She utilize to do a lot of writing and had written several books and articles that were published in journals, magazines, and news motifs. She used to write on virtually every topic peculiarly on issues that were emerging within the society.This teacher became my role model. This paper shall give a summary of the reasons and challenges I meet during writing. Reasons and Challenges in constitution As stated earlier in the introduction, I developed my desire in writing during my high school solar days and from that quantify I have enjoyed every min of my hobby, writing on almost every topic in the day to day life in the society. One of the principal(prenominal) reasons as to why I have a liking for writing is that I have a strong desirous to progress in writing.Writing as well assists me in developing new skills and advancing knowledge on various subjects. Writing excessively helps me in verbalizeing my feelings (Hodges, p 9). thither are however many challenges that I encounter in writing. Extra discretion is needed when writing due to the unrelenting rules and legislations that have been established to govern writing. These acts to confines the extent to which an individual would wish to express his/her ideas (Elbow, p 12). Writing can also be a challenge in that finding the right words does non come easy.Writing requires total perpetration and it may be discouraging especially when you are unable to come up with the necessary words that would express a phenomenon (Elbow, p 26). Writing can not be done in a haphazard manner and therefore requires tolerable time and vast research on the topic. Writers get frustrated when some topics of pastime do not have sufficiency inform ation upon conducting research. Conclusion Writing is part and parcel of my life and despite the challenges that I face, I am determined to scourge them and excel.It is only through writing that the dumb minds can be read and understood. bonnie like any other field, success in writing requires total commitment. work on Cited Elbow, Peter. Writing with power techniques for mastering the writing process, (2nd edn) 1998. Oxford University Press US ISBN 0195120175, 9780195120172 Hodges, Richard, E. The Conventions of Writing. In enchiridion of Research on Teaching the position Language Arts, ed. James Flood, Julie M. Jensen, Diane Lapp, and James R. Squire. 1991. revolutionary York Macmillan.

English Short Story on Belonging

It was Raoul, and I wished for him to go f every(prenominal) outside(a). He knocked over again then stuck his head around the adit. How atomic number 18 you? he asked with c erstrn. Anger overcame me. For gods sakes, they cant send me external because of a headache. But if you think I control curious why take ont you report me yourself, after all, you depart their lackey more and more each(prenominal) day, I retorted, staring him d aver. He paled, conserve your voice hatful, batch outside baron hear, he shut the penetration behind him and stepped in the live. I rise up-tried to force myself to be calm. W assume is it that you want? I asked him coldly. I knew I was over reacting bonnie I didnt direction, he was the unless angiotensin-converting enzyme who I could take my offense out on, though by looking at his darkening expression I could see it was becoming increasingly heartbreaking to do so. I had a habit of pushing the people who tried to take a lea k coda to me by. It started out as an separatrix precisely now I just generally didnt want to reproof to people, I avoided them as overmuch as possible. Maybe you dont care just almost be interpreted except I do, caution is the whole topic that has kept us safe and so distant.No thanks to you, he added. A headache is zero, but you know how minute things are blown out of proportion. It is a short step from a talk of gossip to being sent to the political sympathiess so called condom. You overhear been make a supervisor, I verbalise flatly and now his aspect flushed. A look of pride conflate with shame passed across his face. How could you, I asked, hurt. I know that we had neer been close since being taken but he was unruffled my br other, but for some land I couldnt bring myself to tell him that I did love him in my own way.He must have assumed that I treasured nothing to do with him. He raised his fist and shook it in my face, you will not ruin this for me, you whitethorn be my sister but it is my province to this initiation to denounce you. You wouldnt boldness denounce me. I said. Your own urgency would be ruined if it was know that you had a psycho as your sister, they would drag you to the refuge along with me. So dont work you care for me. A look of hate passed over his face out bearing he move and headed out of my dwell. When he had gone I was still identify full with tension.We used to be so close when we were younger, a dutiful son and I the wandering daughter, loved dearly by our parents. But that was all destroyed when the judicature took my mother to the refuge and my father had followed to only her but he never came home. indeed a week after my parents disappeared, a man in a shell came, looking all important with his hat and briefcase. My brother except disperseed the front entre to let him in because he had information regarding our parents. He told us that they were taken by the government for resisting the system and that we would never see them again.And that my brother and I were to be taken to a government knowledgeableness for orphans exchangeable us. I was only 8 years old at the time. Raoul was 12. This was of communication channel where we were now, having no choice but to postdate the staunch looking businessman in his stiff dark suit. Inside the rapidity was a school and factory. We orphans were made to masses produce objects the government needed. My mother was incriminate of, by one of her close friends, being a person with special abilities, much worry a witch. However, they were mental abilities which gave her the originator to have thoughts and emotions.But I, unknown to everyone but my brother, had inherited her abilities and more. I could Put thoughts into the minds of others and make them act on it, as swell up as being able to read thoughts and emotions. These abilities only came to me recently, exactly after I turned 16 deuce-ace months ag o and soon I was to be time- tried and true again by the probing machines, which tested any for any possible signs these abilities manifesting. I had recently been suffering from major headaches, translation me senseless and immobile, and it was these that were causing me to be below suspicion.In this institute, it was dangerous to be seen lecture to others because close friendships were not allowed. Though it wasnt hard for me to avoid fashioning friends, I stayed clear of making friends, preferring not to open myself up to another but kinda keeping anything bottled up inside. Pretty soon after I arrived here, the others learned that I wanted nothing to do with anyone so I was left to myself. I formerly hear a girl small talk on my lack of social skills, the other girl she spoke to just said that it was thought I suffered from severe depression.A simple hello could be considered as forming an alliance between the children that might bestow to future trouble. In this plac e, suspicion was a analogous(p) a physical plague. Not that I had any trouble avoiding talking to others I avoided it as much as possible, never being able to enjoy interacting same normal people, unable to communicate my feelings and desires through physical touch or talk. I asked an instructor why we were here once and he told me simply that we orphans didnt depart with normal people because of who and what our amilies had been. And that if we were to leave the institute, alliance would shun us or pretend that we did not exist. I looked back to the propagation when I was living at home, I had a few friends, not many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) due to my shyness, but we did everything together, wandered the village, roamed the areas and playing games every chance we could. Thinking about them now, they in all likelihood wouldnt remember me and if I were to presentation up one day in my old home, they probably wouldnt accredit me warmly or at all. close to li kely I would be avoided like a bad smell.That fact entirely is one of the reasons I dislike making friends, alienating myself from them because Im excite of being hurt. The instructors thought my headaches were a president of working with dangerous substances, and when I cried out in the night in pain, they heard about it from the whisperers, those of us orphans who told the instructors about anything suspicious to give them a good name. They had been ask me suspicious questions and I new it was only a matter of time forwards they linked the headaches to my mental abilities as these were known symptoms.And now I had to worry about my brother dragging me along to these instructors himself I knew it wouldnt be long in the first place I was discovered and sent onward to the refuge, another government facility specifically designed to house people like me. But everyone knew that the name is hollow, that at that place is no refuge but existent in its place is an experimental se ek jailhouse for the abnormal people like me. The government wanted to figure us out and use us to their own advantage.Not for the first time did I feel cold and alone, knowing in that location was no one who I could consign my worries or fears too, no one who could value me or give me support, no one that could understand me. I just wanted to belong to someone or something. Resigned to my fate, slowly, remembering better days in my parents attractive arms, I silently cried myself into sleep. I woke up to my bedcovers being roughly pulled off. As far as I could tell from the darkness, it was well before 6am when I had to wake up and get ready for the day.Someone turned on the light and I was blind by its sudden brightness. My eyes correct to the light as I blinked away sleep. Two instructors and my brother were standing next to my bed. Get up, you are to be taken to the testing room, said the instructor immediate to the door. I looked at my brother quizzically but he wouldnt diddle my eye. I wasnt scared like I thought I would be as I walked barefoot down the cold bare corridor, I tangle numb, like all my senses and emotions were shut away into a box inside my mind.I tried to sense thoughts or feelings of the three accompanying me but I only received a similar stolidity as to what I was experiencing. It was as if they had done this kind of thing so many times that they were immune to any thoughts about it. We stopped in front of the door whizzing to the room, I had been in this room a number of times, like all the other orphans in the vicinity, and it was unchanged from my anterior visits. The bright harshly lit white-walled room consisted of a plain synthetic chair with a small square circuit card holding a computer.I was sensation through a glass door to the right of the desk, into another section that contained the CT sayner machine. The CT scanner was what would scan my brain looking for abnormally mental process brainwaves. The supervisor roughly grabbed my arm, painfully hoarse it. After which he injected a heroic syringe filled with purple slip away into my protruding vein. Although painless, the intensity of this experience made me feel rather light-headed. I wished on that point was someone who cared enough about me to save me, or to give me a reason to resist and attempt escape.But on that point was no one. They put a secretive brace upon my head to prevent any movement of the head, which would disrupt the scanning process. indeed earmuffs were placed over the brace and onto my ears to flood out out the intensely loud buzzing of the machine in action. I matte up like I was in a kind of trance as they lead me to the machine, there was complete silence throughout the whole process. The last time a word had been uttered was back in my bed-chamber. Oh how I longed to be back in my small, hard bed, and for what was happening to be nothing more than just another nightmare.

Why Do Whales Beach Themselves

The Scientific Ameri lay most name Why do hunts strand themselves? create on June 1, two hundred9, bring the polemic and disputable reasons well-nigh the phenomenon observed in the present way years when much than than Fifty-five sham killer hunt downs were stranded on a South Afri cornerstone strand oer the weekend. The scientists still do not richly understand why mint mickledy stranding happen, and if we should be worried about this event. Whales ar the largest nautical mammals in the world the sm all in allest species weigh in at several tons.When track downs bank themselves, they loafer die simply from the crushing weightiness of their own bodies or from overheating collectable to their blubber, which is needed for insulation in parky ocean water. Stranding argon of several types, verbalise Susan Parks, a reoceanrch associate in the Environmental Acoustics program in the apply look into Laboratory at Penn State. psyche stranding often are ca habit d by single out incidents such(prenominal) as madness, injury, or senile age Said Parks, Entanglement in leaning gear is one of the jumper lead fathers of mortality for maritime mammals, many of which lap up on shore executed or injured.The tide carries these hulks into shallow water, depositing them on the beach. Then there are multiple-species stranding, explained Parks. This occurs when several(predicate) species of marine mammals beach themselves at the said(prenominal) time and place, suggesting that they all died from the same grammatical case, she said. Scientists carry been researching possible causes of this phenomenon. One explanation involves the hunt pod social structure. For instance, whales that travel in pods use a strength in numbers survival strategy, but this can toleratefire when the dominant whale runs aground. jibe to Parks, The rest of the pod whitethorn acquire a dis sharpened or sick whale onto shore. An opposite theory is that pods may ven ture too close to the beach when hunting prey or evading predators and gravel trap by low tides. persist excessively may play a part in beaching. Explained Parks, In 1998, there was a major stranding on the westmost Coast of the United States where many distinguishable species, particularly sea lions, starved to death. This mass stranding, she added, was thought to be caused by El Ninos effects on sea-water surface temperatures. many an(prenominal) marine mammals depend on plankton and kelp that achieve in cool, nutrient-rich waters. In the case of sea lions, when food is scarce, the adults wean pups earlier and bury them behind while they hunt for fish in colder waters further offshore. These youngish seals are often the ones that constitute stranded. just about(a) theories about beaching suggest that defects in a whales water travel system may be the cause. According to Parks, The problem with these theories is that we dont know on the dot how whales navigate. about species travel vast distances every(prenominal) year and find their way back to where they started.Right whales, for example, travel more than a thousand miles from the Gulf of Maine to the microscope slideal waters of Florida and Georgia to give birth, and then go back to northern waters. Said Parks, it is cognise that some(a) whales use echolocation to draw objects in their environment but it is undecipherable whether these species need to rely on it for navigation. approximately researchers have proposed that whales navigate by utilise passive listening to hear waves crashing against the coast or steer themselves via undersea topography or the angle of the sun.However, as interjected Parks, the distance that animals can see is often very curb in the ocean, and isnt thought to be a useful for long-distance navigation. Another navigation theory proposed upstartly is that whales have a bio-magnetic sense, which allows them to sense magnetic fields in the earths crust. T his would be similar to how homing pigeons orient themselves, explained Parks. Whales following magnetic field lines could beach themselves in areas where the field lines intersect with the coast.A study in the UK by Margaret Klinowska free-base a correlation between topical anaesthetic magnetic field lines and sites where whales were stranded alive, added Parks. However, more research is needed to solidify the connection. some(prenominal) multiple-species stranding have occurred following military use of mid-frequency sonar, sparking public outcry. One reason for the aim of reach about these incidents is that they involved the seldom seen beak whales, explained Parks. These whales were found beached five, sometimes 10 at a time.The problem with the sonar theory, she added, is that we still dont fully understand the cause and effect mechanism of how sonar major power affect whales or why it might affect beaked whales in particular. For many years, professor Chris Parsons h as been tracking the patterns of mass whale stranding around the world. In his most recent paper, Navy Sonar and Cetaceans Just how overmuch does the gun need to smoke onward we act? Parsons and his co-authors bring together all of the major whale and mahimahi stranding in the past eight years and demonstrate the different kinds of species that have been affected worldwide.They also strongly argue for stricter environmental policies cogitate to this issue. Generally, if there is a large whale stranding, there is a military movement in the area, says Parsons. Sonar is killing more whales than we know about. Parsons is a national assign for the International Whaling Commissions scientific and conservation committees and on the board of directors of the marine section of the Society for Conservation Biology. He has been involved in whale and dolphin research for more than a ten-spot and has conducted projects in South Africa, India, China and the Caribbean as well as the Unit ed Kingdom.Research into the cause of stranding is ongoing, noted Parks. Meanwhile, many coastal areas have rescue themes to find and rehabilitate these stranded mammals and to release them back into the wild. When the rehab patient role weighs in at more than 40 tons, which can be a whale of a job. As the article stand, statistically, we are only able to determine the cause of a stranding in about 50 percent of all cases worldwide. In some cases, it is obvious, like a ship defeat leaving an animal in brusk condition.In the northeastern United States, pneumonia is a common cause of stranding. We see other diseases and trauma, such as shark onrush on whales or dolphins or attacks by members of the same species. Poisonous red tides pass on also affect marine mammals. Some stranding have been speculated to be related to anomalies in the magnetic field, or from parasitic worms in the brain affecting co-ordination and balance, to whales being trapped as they follow prey inshore. thi ther are other possible causes Predators such as orcas or sharks may phalanx the marine mammals inshore.In a 1993 indicator lamp whale stranding at Golden Bay, orcas were seen patrolling away the spit. The whales might have sought psychiatric hospital in shallow waters because of the threat. deep-water toothed whales with strong social bonds become stranded in a group more frequently than other species. If an individualist is sick, or old and dying, the rest of the ruck will come to its aid, even if they lurk themselves by venturing too close inshore. These are species that are unusual, that are beautiful, and important for the bionomics of our seas.If there is an activity humans are doing precipitating these stranding we need to know about itwe need to make decisions about pollutants, conveyance noise and sonar. Are we in some way contributing to declining health of hypercritical populations, like the northern right whale? is asking the author of the article himself. more than articles in the newspapers like the Nearly 200 whales stranded on Australian beach published on 03/01/09 in regular army TODAY, or the statistics found in invigorated Zealand where almost 9,000 whales and dolphins were stranded between 1978 and 2004 give us the idea of how serious this phenomena became .The concern is that only about a fourth part of them were saved for all the whales in vernal Zealand. Species included Greys beaked whale, the Pygmy sperm whale, the sperm whale, the long-finned buffer storage whale, and the false killer whale (which is truly a dolphin). All the article and scientists are giving vague explanation about those events, but nobody found with overconfidence way the whales are stranding, which give us the uncertainty if we know well our ecosystem and its functions, and how we can avoid those tragedies.