Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil Justice System Law Essay

Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil rightness Sy stop uprightness EssayThe Woolf restores accommodate supremacyfully add-ond entranceway to umpire for litigants disrespect universe con confronted with extensive varyings and multifaceted difficulties. However, the recovers hold in failed in some major(ip)(ip) aspects, ultimately f all tolding victim to the nonoriety and reality of good reform. The polite evaluator constitution and the Woolf reforms will firstly be discussed, moving into an synopsis of the full-grown argonas of the Civil Procedure Rules, with the essay concluding with an all overall summary of the reforms, exposing the reasons for its miserys, in reference to the reality of the well-be vexdian nicety placement.The Civil Justice System and the Emergence of the Woolf Reforms and Access to JusticeThe tapeous umpire ashes has the dual function of serving the public good and acting as a private means. Its social purpose is to provide the machiner y for bad cause to the rights of citizens, whilst contributing to the social and economic well being of the community and regulating the exercise of executive power under the democratic principle of the convening of law. For these purposes to be reachled, there essential be effectual access to justice with an awargonness of every citizen of their rights, entitlements, pledges and responsibilities, and of the procedures for redress. The underlying basis of the Woolf reforms is therefore to ensure that the justice form provides opportunities for the public to perform good their rights.An unambiguous aspiration to go the justice frame culminated in 1994, when the whence Master of the Rolls, Lord Woolf, was plant by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay, to assess the practices and procedures of the civil motor hotels in England and Wales. there was a four year, all-embracing inquiry and extensive consultation surgical operation that made over three nose candy recommendatio ns designed to improve the boundarys of civil judicial proceeding. There were two reports, published in June 1995 and July 1996, that revealed the findings of the wide of the mark-ranging inquiry and provided the behind for the subsequent Civil Procedure Rules 1998. It is widely accepted that the perceived deficiencies of the civil justice system were met by proposals of radical change and the Woolf reforms were far much than than a modification or clarification of the justice system.This investigation into the countrys legal system was required to maintain the integrity and political legitimacy of the system, preventing it from being brought into disrepute. The impact that the cogency of a nations justice system can start out on considerations such as the economy and political presence in international affairs was similarly recognised. This is especially the case when identifying London as a prominent dispute resolution centre in the world, attracting litigants from crosswi se the globe. The reputation of England and Wales was assessed and the pre-Woolf litigation beautify was in need of reform if this historical justice system was to maintain its standing as champion of the closely competent providers of justice.Findings of the Woolf ReformsThe perceived deficiencies revealed by Woolfs inquiries were readily agreed by the users of the civil justice system. In essence, litigation in England and Wales was too slow, too pricey and too un current. These injustices were preponderantly influence to be the issuance of the English adversarial usance and allowing parties to assume the proactive and dominant case instruction role, leaving the judicial system to perform simply a reactive role.Too SlowThe pre-Woolf landscape contained too much mark that crippled the dexterity of the system and provided a disincentive to those seeking to en string their rights. This introduced an additional cause of render, such as through making it much diffi cult to establish the facts and leading parties to locate for inadequate compensation.1Lord Woolf crop stickup to be the direct result of the adversarial gloss of litigation that lawyers practised at bottom and thrived upon. The time impartn to go on a case from an initial say to final examination hearing was a matter of concern, especially in making litigation expensive.Too expensiveThe ever-increasing speak to of litigation was gear up to limit access to justice. However, for some academics, proud cost do non automatically entail that low income citizens be prevented from participating in the justice process because of the existence of what Michael E. Stamp2has named the m unrivaledtary illusion, where a belief arises that legal services are becoming unaffordable because they have emergenced in relative price. Stamp argues that society must qualify the proportion of income devoted to antithetical goods and services and rely upon increasing the productiveness of legal services to match the increasing be sooner than alone aiming to abate cost whilst maintaining contemporary levels of tycoon. The Woolf reforms took on the dual tone-beginning of aspire to increase the output of the justice system and endeavouring to strip away superfluous be. Stamps comment is an understatement of how low income citizens are being priced out of litigation and fails to stress the importance of access to justice for every citizen, irrelevant of social or monetary status.Despite the above debate, it is accepted that the cost of a declare is a barrier to some and a problem for all litigants3and in more direct opposition to Stamp, Sir Thomas Bingham4robustly describes cost to be a cancer eating at the heart of the administration of justice. The system was too expensive with patterns of be being higher than the claim was worth. gritty cost act as a deterrent to those making and back claims and a number of businesses say that it is often cheaper to put up up, irrespective of the merits, than to defend an action. For individual litigants the unaffordable cost of litigation constitutes a denial of justice.5The primary plan to provide justice for individuals and businesses was being undermined by the in businesslike cost of the machinery. This begins to uncover the cruel reality of accessing justice that will run throughout this legal opinion of the Woolf reforms.Too UncertainUncertainty for litigants was a simple but hearty limitation of accessing justice arising from unpredictable costs, timings and timetabling, and the uncertainty of judicial decisions. Uncertainty constituted a strong deterrent for litigants and must not be minimised as an issue.The English Adversarial TraditionThere was a definitive intention to substitution the litigation culture from that of adversarialism to compromise, co-operation and answer. Woolf described the adversarial system as likely to sanction an adversarial culture and to degenerate i nto an environment in which the litigation process is too often seen as a battlefield where no rules apply.6There was a determination of lawyers to manipulate court of justice procedures, delay and disrupt the opposition counsel, increase the costs of the litigation for in-person profit and impose professional protectionalism. Woolf identified that main adjectival tools for conducting litigation efficiently have each arrest subverted from their proper purpose7and the powers of the court have authoriseen behind the more sophisticated and aggressive tactics of some litigators.8Lawyers were accused of abusing the disclosure of information, disputing real points, making tactical appeals and deploying tactics to drag out litigation, thereby cause up costs. Any analysis of this tradition identifies that the sum of this abuse falls on the client.Woolf disclaimed all potential break of serve towards an inquisitorial system and abandoning adversarialism in its entirety, in order t o maintain its benefits, such as its impartiality compared to inquisitorial techniques. The proposed reform of case management (as set out below), was therefore peed to be compatible with the adversarial tradition, establishing conditions where it could survive the transfer of reign from the parties to the judicatory. oddment on the Findings of the Woolf ReportsThe justice system was primevally failing the litigant, on and for whom the whole system should, in principle, focus and deliver. Fairness, speed of process, reasonable results and the availability of appropriate procedures were all found to be lacking within a system which promised all these goals. The impression of litigation is a fragmented, inefficient and incomprehensible system failing to fulfil its function and its potential, to promptly distribute affordable and certain justice.It is difficult to take issue with Lord Woolfs findings and the principles of reform that emerge from his conclusions. The reliability an d diligence of the access to justice reports are uncontested and the research element of the reforms will come about to act as a valuable identification of the positives and, importantly, limitations of the civil justice system. In this facet of investigation and assessment, Woolf was undoubtedly palmy.However, the means and choice of initiatives that Woolf proposed to recompense the exposed limitations are open to debate and critique, particularly when reciprocally identified as being radical and controversial in their nature and the statement in which they attempt to guide the justice system.Objectives of the Woolf ReformsThe aims of the reforms can be condensed into one overriding objective, set out in Civil Procedure Rules 1.1, which was to increase the competency of the civil justice system to decide and deal in good order the cases set in advance it. This admits such considerations as trim excessive costs, ensuring cases are dealt with expeditiously, honestly and in a manner that is proportionate to their nature. This would create equalize footing for parties, guaranteeing that there is a reasonable allotment of resources per case by the court.The vision of Woolf and the principles of his report were reinforced in the Civil Procedure Rules ( cardiopulmonary resuscitation) which came into force on 26th April 1999. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation established a common set of procedures and rules for some(prenominal) the county courts and High Court to follow and gave effect to the three hundred plus changes, amounting to the most radical change to procedure in the decease one hundred years. The Woolf reforms did not tinker with the existing system they rewrote it.9The CPR are extensive, but some elements are considered to be more prominent than others. It is these that I will focus on in my assessment of the CPR as the implementation of the Woolf reforms. The following six elements of the CPR were, and continue to be, considered to have had t he most effect on the English civil procedure.Case charge TechniqueLord Woolf believed case management to be snappy in solving the key problems of cost, delay and complexity, identifying that the three are interrelated and stem from the uncontrolled nature of the litigation process. In particular, there is no name judicial responsibility for managing individual cases or for the overall administration of the civil courts.10The transfer of control from the parties to the judge was designed to improve the pace and efficiency of litigation through imposing tighter timeframes and reducing case duration. Woolf recommended that in comparison to case management, the complexity of rules should be eased through modernising terminology and eliminating the distinctions mingled with procedure and practice.Woolf not totally sought to change the legal culture of the parties and their counsel, but also the role of the judiciary within an organised court service. Case management was an interven tionist approach, imposing a more dominant role for the courts whilst not dismissing the English adversarial tradition in its entirety. The judiciary were weaponed with wide discretionary powers, for example, imposing primordial trial dates and refusing any plea to delay the start of a trial. The governing role of the judge is a common aspect of other continental legal systems and its introduction constituted a shift of the English legal system towards the majority.11PositivesCase management has amend access to justice through increasing the speed of litigation. This initiative l instigate that it was the judges rather than the lawyers who dictate pace. No longer are the large claims allowed to fester in the do not touch drawers of solicitors register cabinets.12Lawyers were too often judged to slow down litigation, Woolf himself regarding that in the majority of cases the reasons for delay arise from failure (by the lawyers) to progress the case efficiently, wasting time on p eripheral issues or procedural skirmishing to wear down an opponent or to excuse failure to get on with the case.13Many academics view the shift in management from the lawyers to the more responsible and non-partisan judiciary to be an effective reform. For example, 98% of respondents to the 2001 Woolf Network Third Survey considered that the newly introduced Case counsel Conferences worked well in their case.14The increase of discretionary power and control has meant that time-wasting and tactical applications have not been tolerated, and breaches of judicial instruction in relation to the final hearing can result in claims being struck out.LimitationsIt is argued that a judge does not necessarily or automatically possess the skills or know-how to manage cases competently, reducing the predictability of a claim. The concern is that competency levels are suggested to decrease down the ranks of the judiciary whilst the levels of discretion are maintained. Case management has also be en argued to constitute judicial over-involvement, where lawyers who have obtained a deeper knowledge of the case are prevented from deciding how the case should progress. This not lone(prenominal) places the responsibility irrationally with the judge, who has only briefly assessed the claim, but also could be construed as reflecting a suspect of the professionalism of counsel to the dispute.Case management is predicted to fail as a constant solution because the institution of judicial case management represents a one-time productivity increase where the immediate effect may be lower costs of obtaining justice, but, over the long run, the cost savings will evaporate as a direct result of the cost disease.15This educated prediction of needed failure of case management, and the Woolf reforms and CPR as a whole, must be treated with care, because it is in essence a prediction. However, this calculated forecast of the reform process suggests a negative outcome of case management th at cannot be ignored.The necessary technological advances within the system have also been inadequate to fight down the implementation of case management. The increased judicial use of computers and name conferences, the acceptability of email correspondence in many courts and the advantage of claims low gear online, have all been beneficial, but this is the limit of any technological input. This is not due to the lack of technology available, but rather the justice system barely tapping into the phenomenal potential of technology. It is characteristically a lack of resources and allocated specie that have limited the use of technology, thereby failing to adequately equilibrize the reforms. destinationIt is apparent that there should not be an outright return of the responsibility to manage cases back to the parties and their lawyers. The wholesale rejection of judicial case management does not emanate from a fair evaluation of an initiative that has speeded up litigation and , as a direct result, decreased costs. There must be a reassessment of this reform, with the aim of improving the ability of the judiciary to effectively administer and control cases, essentially through a growth of training judges in management techniques. In combination with this training, it is vital that there is an increase in the availability of technological support. This initiative seems to be a clear example of the dangers of such an interventionist approach.Pre-Action ProtocolsPre-action protocols constitute strict procedures and well-founded codes of practice which are dependent upon the facts and nature of a case, which parties when confronted with the prospect of litigation are expected to follow. The original two protocols in the CPR, for example, concerned personal injury and clinical negligence respectively. The aim overall was to encourage the early settlement of claims and avoid litigation, such as through an early win over of full information of the dispute. Th e protocols follow a similar pattern as the encouragement to participate in alternative dispute resolution, in that conformism with the protocols is not compulsory, but an unreasonable refusal to participate will affect the awarding of costs.PositivesThe success of the pre-action protocols is clear from their expansion from the original two to the current ten, in March 2010. The protocols have increased the structure and organisation of claims, creating certainty for litigants of the pre-trial move that they are expected to take, such as the effort to settle. This sequentially has worked up increased levels of dispute resolution and early settlement through the usefulness of the pre-action investigation, earlier exchange of information and the enhancement of the relationship and understanding between parties through more pre-action contact. The protocols have also been credited with ensuring that disputes which are litigated are done so on the foundation of detailed preparation and consideration. come along positives include the decrease of nuisance ill-founded claims and the success of the attached code, which categorises disputes which do not fall within the protocols.LimitationsThe protocols have been criticised solely for their burden and lengthy requirements. The obligation to perform tasks such as writing letters, disclosing information and exchanging expert reports all combine to duplicate the process of the claim to follow. A dispute is essentially fought twice, unnecessarily increasing time and costs.ConclusionThe protocols were a strong success only falling foul in the adverse effect of the burden of administration. They represent the strength of the reforms and suggest that radical reform can be effective if implemented correctly.The Track SystemUnder case management, a slash system was proposed to assign different procedures to different cases that are unconnected on the merits of complexity and pecuniary appreciate. The CPR classifies ca ses into one of the three tracks of petite claims, fast track and multi-track.16The low-pitched claims track is for cases of less than 5,000 in value and the fast track including claims that are more valuable than 5,000, but fall below 15,000, or that fail to fit within the small claims criteria. ready track cases are deemed to be simpler disputes, and on a slight variation, include landlord-tenant disputes and personal injury cases that are valued between 1,000 and 5,000. The multi-track includes all the cases over 15,000 that fail to be placed in the fast track and small claims.PositivesThe fast track arrangements have been successful in having cases heard quicker, with it being claimed that this guarantees a final hearing within 30 weeks from soon later on the defence has been sent to court.17The track system overall is merited for recognising that cases of different size and complexity should be dealt with in different ways with it having been noted that the criticism that such distinctions will condemn many claimants of small sums to indorsement class justice is wholly misconceived.18This initiative has increased certainty of timetabling and improves efficiency by ensuring that judicial time is spent proportionately to the issues in claims.LimitationsThe track system is highly controversial because of its technique of the early classification and has struggled to deal with the extensive variables that determine the costs awarded to a party.19The most influential variable that has hindered success is the unpredictability of the length of a dispute.20In some cases it is close to impossible to balance and account for variables, such as complexity and financial value, in the early stages of a case. The track system must also contend with all the disadvantages of going to court, regardless of which track, including the common problems of cost and time.ConclusionThe immediate defence of the track system that the analysis and clarification of costs is an ambitious and difficult task is not sufficient to excuse its failure. The system has fallen victim to the overload of variables and has failed to present itself as a competent antidote and controller of excessive costs. This initiative is a disappointment and current calls for its removal are justified. The concerns of the track system once again support the use of Alternate Dispute Resolution processes to reach a settlement, rather than proceed to trial.CostsMost of the descriptive guidelines of the overriding objective set out in the CPR concern the costs of litigation. High costs are often magnified by the issue of delay which acts as drag or friction upon the economy by reducing the ability of individuals and corporations to increase productivity and fully utilise capital.21At a minimum, costs must be more predictable and affordable, despite the difficulties of quantifying and identifying the sources of abstract costs not directly related to the litigation process. The objective must be reducing delay that creates excessive costs and constructing an initiative to reduce any influx in costs if a claim is inhibited by delay.The general rule of costs that the losing party must open those of the successful party still remains. However, CPR 44.3 has modified this long-standing rule by introducing exceptions to it and giving the court discretion in the allocation of costs in certain cases. The rules of paying costs also can require the losing party to pay on account before the final sum of costs is determined by the court. This scheme, coupled with the ability to order costs or a proportion of costs which have been summarily assessed to be paid within fourteen days has established in todays litigation system a concept of what one learned commentator has described as pay as you go system for costs.22The early and continuous payment of costs promotes early settlement as the parties assess their cases earlier and can make calculations as to whether their costs wi ll exceed their revenue. This scheme communicates the reality of a claim directly to the parties, encouraging them to rationally manage their finances and crystallise and target their personal goals within the claim. discloseies also have an incentive to put one over a more co-operative approach because of the threat of court imposed financial penalties for unreasonable conduct. This is an example of the court utilising a more forceful, realistic and arguably manipulative technique in the practical application of a reform through costs.PositivesMichael Bacon identified that several long established principles relating to legal costs have either been modified or disappeared completely as a result of the Woolf reforms, and one or two totally new concepts and procedures have been introduced.23This dramatic reform has increased the predictability and certainty of costs and balanced incommensurate financial means between litigants through orders for the party with greater financial re sources, but with the weaker case, to pay interim costs. There has also been increased enforcement of procedural rules, and action taken in respect of unreasonable conduct, by the court through automatic costs sanctions.LimitationsThe new costs regime has been criticised predominantly for failing to sufficiently reduce and control costs. Costs have been front loaded and perceived decreases in costs have been shown to be scratch out by adverse effects of other reforms. In addition, cost sanctions have been criticised for being oppressive and punitive instead of preventing non-compliance with court convention.ConclusionCosts have not been successfully reduced and only shaver decreases can be identified. The reasoning that costs are difficult to control because of their dependence upon a high number of variables, and the reality that there cannot be a sole recommendation targeting the financial burdens of litigation, are not acknowledgment for the failure of a multifaceted scheme d esigned to reduce costs. The only positive is that the emphasis on costs has raised the profile and importance of costs overall. This awareness has instigated a new outlook on reducing costs that may develop into a culture. The costs scheme constitutes the major criticism of the reforms overall.Alternative Dispute ResolutionReform of the justice system was required to promote more cases to an earlier, controlled settlement as opposed to an untidy, pressured one at the door of the court. The encouragement for early settlement follows Woolfs vision of litigation as the last resort for disputing parties, with the view that any settlement is punter than proceeding to trial. This has allowed alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to take a fundamental role, and information on the sources of ADR is provided at all civil courts and legal aid funding is made available for ADR processes. ADR is the umbrella term for a gathering of techniques used to solve disputes other than through the tradi tional court adjudication. However, proceeding should not be issued or commenced if settlement is still being explored. The competency of the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR) which nominates mediators, liaises with both parties and prepares the mediation agreement, also became relevant.In theory, ADR prevents the limitations of the court process from proceeding to fruition. If a claim is settled in mediation, the costs, complexity, adversarialism, time and ineffectiveness of the court procedure are all circumvented. The reduction of cases progressing to trial also reduces the burden on the courts, allows for a more efficient and better resourced procedure and, ultimately, better access to justice. The court was therefore equipped with the power to direct parties to attempt ADR under CPR 26.4 and to order a calendar months postponement, facilitating parties to secure a settlement.In combination with ADR processes, offers to settle, known as Part 36 offers, provide yet another st imulus to settle before court action. Part 36 offers departed from the traditional structure of settlement, allowing both the claimant and defendant to make an offer to settle before the issuing of the claim or during the actual proceedings. If an offer has been made then this will be taken into consideration by the court when awarding costs.PositivesThere has been a clear cultural change and increased numbers of settlements through the busy promotion of ADR. There now exists a regime that encourages and obliges parties and their lawyers to consider settlement and utilise ADR processes. The largely aggressive adversarial behaviour associated with disputes has been softened with a more co-operative and collaborative approach. This culture immediately decreased the number of claims reaching court, with a 19.6% fall in the number of proceedings issued from 2000 to 2001 in the Queens judicial system Division.24ADR has offered willing litigants the opportunity to participate in a quick er, cheaper and more particularised and flexible technique for resolving their dispute. ADR also has many personal advantages for the participants as it can be creative, reduce stress and repair relationships.LimitationsThe essential limitation of ADR is its reliance upon the original participation in mediation. A settlement then relies upon the facts of a case and the parties approach to ADR. Many parties take a half-hearted approach to mediation and have no real intention to negotiate for a settlement. They intend instead to avoid the financial implications of unreasonably refusing to mediate. It is argued that as a result of both failed settlement attempts and indifferent participation in mediation, ADR does not necessarily reduce costs.Mandatory mediation is argued to constitute the greatest failure of ADR. Professor Dame Hazel Genn,25through the voluntary pilot mediation scheme of the Central London County Court (CLCC), identified that the Woolf reforms have motivated parties to mediate in order to avoid financial penalties for unreasonable refusal and create the appearance of following judicial direction. There was also the 2004 Automatic Referral to mediation Scheme (ARMS) run at CLCC, where one hundred cases a month were selected at random and sent to mediation before any court hearing. Parties unwilling to partici

Incorporating Student Voices into Education Systems

Incorporating savant translators into Education Systemslanguage is the primary technology of conference.Winch et al., 20046.1 Introduction to the preachingThis chapter uses its space to develop some of the appends raised by the research that has bygone into the dissertation. If it is contentious, it is in order to ask questions astir(predicate) issues where the answers argon not withal avail conciliateed, and develop a deeper understanding of the idols. This includesthe earthly concern of Student Voice as a support and integrated concept, rather than as a manipulated concept for integrationthe validation of alternative education as an ideal luff for Student Voicethe questions of federations and how this is being politically channelled whilst not perhaps wedded the strength of foundation it deserves and needs6.2 Student Voice Integration for encyclopaedism or Integration for PolicyAs the dissertation showed, there argon strong theoretical underpinnings for the value of incorporating Student Voice into educational systems, especially when inspectn in a constructivist light. The surprise is that it has taken so long. However, the field of honor has besides shown that it is not always as easy as evaluate to re-data formatting a schools come up. at that place atomic number 18 worries and concerns surrounding the actual domain of adapting an existing system to incorporate Student Voice. There are the teachers concerns of devaluing teaching at the cost of social development. There are fears about loosing discipline and upsetting the status quo. On the other(a) hand, there are in addition those who embrace the concepts of freedom of development choice and assimilator plowshare.As Martin, Worral, and Dutson-Steinfeld (2005) aim it, it is now too late to come out the lid back on Pandoras Box. The danger is that the tide may follow the easiest path, rather than perceive to the voices that are to a greater extent(prenominal) difficult to hear. Cruddass (2001) argued that these voices may deplete the greatest contri simplyion to make. After all, if Student Voice is a regularity of integration, it is surely plumb pointless directing it towards those who already have their avenues for communication and are closely entrenched within the system, when those just outside need to be raised with a way in. It perhaps reflects some of the cultural values when it loves to who the system wants to provide a voice for and who it does not.For the Westernised education systems, throws in the socio-economic climates have brought about a shifting balance of power, caused by information and communications technology and learners nark to alternative sources of knowledge, reduced public descenting, globalisation and commercial imperatives.Latchem Hanna 2001, p. 1 1 could perhaps add that as the public funding has gone down, the curtain raising has been filled by an incremental increase in policy reenforcement and political b landishment. It calculates that the onus is put on the schools to follow the recommendations, and increasingly to fund these demands themselves. That aside, listening to young learners, and understanding what they are communicating has most probably been a part of the repertoire of what Haberman (1995) termed star teachers long before it stupefy encapsulated in documentation. The password is whether the value put on Student Voice is a passing phase or is getting the attention it so richly deserves.6.3 Alternative Education and Student VoiceThis section of the reciprocation returns to the use of an environmental education format as a actor of combining unequivocal communication strategies through the use of different formats, much(prenominal) as a conservation park and school. It has taken some prison term for alternative educational formats to receive appointed consideration, and this has demanded a considerable change in instinct set. For example, as more people have com e to understand the necessity for a complete change with pretend to the prop of humans in the environment, the ideals of education set by sustainability have effect less the realm of extremists and more the essentials for good sense. If one were to take this a step further, a actual form of education such as that potentially offered by the greenness could become less of an alternative, and more of a mainstream consideration. This is one reason that this dissertation has explored the environment as a subject matter of generating attitudes and raising voices, rather than a questioning of knowledge gained through the stumble Programs.Using the Park as the example, this area found that the Activate Programs were in effect(p) in communicating a positive attitude towards each other based on involvement with a specific environment. Rather than a sense of environmental consideration, there was a sense of connection amongst students to the Park. Although environmental knowledge was not measured, the results of working in the environment contributed to the Observational sections that intercommunicate some of this dissertation showed changes in awareness.One of the principal(prenominal) factors was the culture of puff up-known(prenominal)ity that developed amongst those students who were regulars on the Activate programs. They developed a better understanding of the Park and knew more what to expect when they visited. This meant they not only had different expectations that those less familiar with the Park, but that they started to show a leadership and peer attitude that supported the Activate ethic. This working in the environment system, when designed carefully and driven by the right personalities, appears to strongly support the idea of a more mainstream commence to an outdoor classroom.This culture of communication, as it could be called, aims to be enabling and empowering for students. It not only encourages positive connections to develop between the students and the environment, it also gives them practical opportunities to see what they shadower do. This is a vitally important point for students from schools where they are all too often given information, but have no way of acting upon it in a positive and constructive way. In the Park, there is the combination of Student Voice as an over-current to the Activate activities. For example, the Lion group consists of some truly challenging students who would not normally co-operate together. Yet at the Park, as the undermentioned quote shows, they do. There is a continual level of communication that seems to equate to a precise different reality to the one found at schoolIt is very encouraging to see some of our students in this program and thusly see how different they are in their behaviour and attitude back in a classroom/school setting. In the classroom they can be the disruptive/troubled student and yet at the Park these identical students have been the Leaders and are go forthing to help/show and channelize new/younger student of this group. At the beginning of our program we had a heavy(a), troubled group but as time evolved they have strengthened relationships and furthered skills they didnt know they had. instructor Inter gull 2006Expectations were integrated with communication. Where there was insufficient communication between the Park and school staff, false expectations could be generated and this was an area that mandatory tightening up as it could lead to confusion. However, the outcomes for attitude have been predominantly positive. Not one teacher, student, parent or support staff treasured to see the programs stop and the majority like them as they are.6.4 Does Parent compacts HelpThanks to the SEN and Disability Act (DfES 2001), parents and carers now have avenues that will help them find out the options available for their SEN child. Parent confederacy Services (PPS) (see e.g. Worcestershire County Councils online Parent Partnership Service) are designed to throw overboard statutory rights including..information, advice and guidance on SEN matters to allow them to make informed decisions about their childs education. PPS can also help prevent difficulties from develop into disagreements.Rogers et al. 2006, p. 1There are obvious advantages to a partnership approach (Roger et al.2006 Wolfendale 2002 Wolfendale Cook 1997). It enables a more holistic approach to the students whole learning experience and thereby includes their social and emotional status as well as the environmental and cognitive. But, as Rogers et al. (2006) show in their assessment of PPS, the methodology of integrating PPS facilitate needs work and is highly variable. With regard to this dissertation, the discussion focuses on the positive contribution of parents and carers when they are involved with the students education at school whilst stopping short of advocating that teachers lesson plans be available to parentsSchools s hould make information available to parents on what they can expect from schools and individual scholars progress. This might include access to lesson plans and learning materials and should be available as and when parents want to access it.DfES 2006b, p. 24If the goal is that of the modify learning (DfES 2006) currently advocated, with all its emphasis on partnership, then it may well be that teachers will have to re-evaluate what their planning is for. It would seem entirely acceptable, in deed necessary, for parents and carers involved in this partnership approach to be well acquainted with what is about to be taught. yet this sounds more and more like sending the parents back to school themselves. Perhaps the ideal is a school planning document that outlines the curriculum content and its anticipated coverage, subject to curriculum changes of course, that is specifically prepared for community involvement. The fact that Partnership is being advocated above Student Voice perha ps suggests that one format is easier to manage politically than the other. In fact, the following DfES (2006b) Figure 4 shows that pupil voice is more an element of learning an a cognitive descriptive than a part of all-round learning.These are just three of the issues put forward for discussion and it is anticipated that much more work will be done on these in the future.7 CONCLUSIONThis check has been a learning journey in itself. The first thing the study demanded was learning to listen properly to students and not interpret what they were reflexion by my own standards. The added dimension of the zoological park provided a fascinating line with students styles and eccentrics of communication and how they changed at school and at the Park. The following is a brief summary of where we are now and what needs to be considered in the future.We now know that a democratic system equips students better, be they in a special school or mainstream, for a come out educational reality. Part of this democratic system involves the right to speak on ones own behalf and have ones view listened to and, when appropriate, acted up. At its best, Student Voice works as a mode of holistically integrating students in their education. Whilst Student Voice motivates, it also allows and encourages students to take business for their learning. The dissertation has shown that this works at a variety of levels. In the classroom, the study identified some of the strong links between student ingrained motivation and the power of choice. Where the student is involved in selection and method of learning, they are more likely to become and remain enthusiastic. It should go without saying that it is equally important for SEN students to have these same rights, even if the means of communication are different. This means official support (i.e. funding) is necessary for schools to be able to resource themselves sufficiently to cater for all Student Voices. As discussed, this issue of f unding is a particularly thorny one and seems to get concealed beneath the shifting sands of politics, covered with a blanket of rhetoric and Government sponsored research. However, it is a step along the way towards changing mind sets towards Student Voice.There is also the issue of teacher attitudes. Many teachers are more used to being heard and less familiar with the type of listening Student Voice requires. Some find it hard to clear student opinion. Despite all the research done into Student Voice, and the plain better fit it makes in contemporary society, there are still those who are frightened by the change in the status quo, or whos training has not encompassed this, or who resent more official requirements. In fact, in a contemporary, humanistic and individualised paradigm, it seems increasingly remote that choice as a concept does not underpin the UK educational system. Therefore, one of the recommendations for the future has to more professional development for those teachers that need it. Teacher training itself is constantly subject to change and has the challenge of both preparing students for the reality of working in schools and establishing the current pedagogic approach. For example, it may be hard for a new teacher with a passion for listening to students to adapt to work in a more traditional school setting.With regard to settings, the dissertation showed that location and environment have a distinct encounter on students. This led to the design of a new school which feature both the in-class educational formats and the outdoors activities, be those agricultural, environmental, or simply outside.In summary, the future of Student Voice and its best use in the UK educational system needs to take into considerationTeacher training and go along support for new and existing teachers through professional development.Make the formats for student voice more user-friendly and introduce them professionally do not expect all schools to be abl e to adapt their format automatically. pay and long term support.What lies before us and what lies behind us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. Oliver Windell Holmes

The Indian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Indian touristry Industry touristry EssayAtithi Devo Bhava way Guest is God. In India guest is treated as God. Max ruminator stated that If we were to look the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty which nature evoke bestow- in some parts a veritable heaven on Earth- I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human intelligence has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts I should point to India.Tourism is at a rising manufacture in India. Tourism is considered as major foreign earnings for Indian nation. India as an ancient heathen cradle of the world is considered as exotic holidaymaker destination. It has fascinating tourist destinations equal the Taj Mahal, The Khajuraho temples, The marble mountains, The Gateway of India, The Red fort and The Qutub Minar, The Ajmer Palace, The Bharatpur, Bird Sanctuary, The city of Canals and many moreThe foreign tourist longs for a tryst with India and loves to visit for each one and every corner of this vast country. Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national gross domestic product and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic touristry visits. The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 one thousand thousand in 2008 and that is expected to outgrowth to US$275.5 jillion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the Incredible India campaign.According to humanity trip and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hot spot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10- stratum growth potential. The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in India 6th in destinations of price competitiveness and thirty-ninth in terms of safety and security. Despite shor t- and medium-term setbacks, such as deficit of hotel rooms, tourism revenues ar expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017. India has a growing medical tourism sector. The 2010 Common wealth Games in Delhi be expected to significantly boost tourism in India. (wikipedia ). study Sub-categoriesThe tourism industry has two major aspectsi. Tourism Tourism includes various types, like medical tourism, health tourism, spiritual tourism and rural tourism, adventurous tourism..ii. Travel The travel segment includes various tour operators and other travel agencies.India Tourism Industrys Role in the World EconomyIndian tourism industry contributes to around 5.9 shargon of the countrys GDP and it provides employment to around 41.8 million of inhabitants. Indias tourism industry is calculated both in terms of business and vacations. The snatch of foreign tourists arriving from all over the world rose from 0.37 percent to 0.53 percent as has been stated by UN World Tourism Organization (U NWTO) in the year 2006.Indian tourism exchange earnings are approxiamtely $1.5 billion and account of 0.5 percent of the total tourism traffic of the world. Central India, The northern Eastern states, Calcutta, Mumbai, New Delhi, Khajuraho, and Goa are the most popular tourist destinations. Rajasthan is paradise for the foreigners and this state provides a wide range of cultural and ethnic diversities to the visitors.Major global playersEmerging Trends of Indian Tourism Industry In an safari to boost the confidence of visitors and tourists after the Mumbai attacks, the Union Ministry of Tourism, India is launching a sweet scheme Visit India 2009 offering various incentives to foreign tourists and tourism industry. These honor addition services will be offered to tourists visiting the country during the effect April 2009 March 2010. The Department of Tourism also has plans to organize road shows in countries like Singapore, Canada, UK, Japan and Australia, in joint venture with the IATO. The ongoing year will see a rise in the advertisements and marketing through with(predicate) trade fairs and exhibitions to draw the attention of foreign tourists from across the world. Moreover, there are possibilities of constructing helipads in various places to introduce the helicopter services for the tourists. The real GDP growth for travel and tourism economy is expected to grow at an average of 7.7 per cent per annum in 2010. Earning through exports from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 6.0 per cent of total exports (nearly $16.9 billion) in 2009 and expected to increase to US$ 51.4 billion in 2019. According to the Ministry of Tourism, Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) for the conclusion from January to March in 2009 was 1.461 million. For the month of March 2009 the Foreign Tourist Arrivals was 472000.The undercoat for the decline is attributed to the ongoing economic crisis. In spite of the short term and medium term impediment due to the global meltdown the revenues from tourism is expected to increase by 42 per cent from 2007 to 2017

Social Interaction In Acquisition Of Second Languages English Language Essay

Social Interaction In scholarship Of befriend Languages English Language EssayEver since the basic presumptuousness endorsed in the seminal work of Hatch in the late mid-seventies that disciples learn the structure of a row by dint of fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction or else than education grammar in recite to interact (Gass, 2003 224-255). The relationship between interaction and erudition has been one of the core issues in southward lyric encyclopedism (SLA) question. The reviewed done by Young (1999) has sh receive that interactional competence is clearly nigh applicable to explaining cross-cultural confabulation. It also provides a convenient framework for compound studies of conversational phenomena within a broader context of interaction. As wording usually related two four main domains reading, constitution, oral and listening. In order to practice the oral and listening, interaction is important. At the same time interactio n can also assist the growth of the scrap wrangle acquisition.Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is the process by which people learn a cooperate nomenclature in addition to their homegrown wrangle(s). Linguists have to a outstandinger extent(prenominal)(prenominal) varied feeleres towards the acquisition of the second language. In the past few decades, linguists were more focus on the cognitive aspects also known as the psycholinguistic which studies the internal factors of second language acquisition. However, more sunrise(prenominal) studies have redirected their direction to the external factors which refers to the sociolinguistic. Social interaction is one of the main focuses in the field of operation of the sociolinguistic.Un handle second language acquisition, there are specific disposition constituents located in the left hemisphere meet carefulness of the set-back language acquisition. If we consider first language acquisition as a natural cognitive u sing, then second language acquisition will be more like a process of nurture. Since it is more a process of nurture than a natural cognitive evolution, the genial factors will be the vital attri yetion in the acquisition.Importance of hearty interactionOn the basis of extensive research, there was considerable understanding that the learning environment must include opportunities for learners to engage in important amicable interaction with users of the second language if they are to discover the linguistic and sociolinguistic rules necessary for second-language wisdom and production ( pica em, 1987). And this agreement is still applicable for todays second language learning. A very good example is that students who take away abroad are usually more fluent and accurate in the second language they are victimization, as compare to their classmates in their own country.In fact, there are umteen examples of the learners who are able to march on and use the language efficie ntly without any familyal instructions. For example the East Pakistani workers in Malaysia do not have formal instruction in Bahasa Malaysia tho are able to function well in their oeuvre and the community. Their second language is acquired through the unsystematic favorable interaction with the broader society. The learner has access to the stub language in the course of everyday dialogue or interaction with the environment. The sounds of the language are embedded in a relevant situational context and the learners job is to extract from this material the rules for the use of the language. This interaction allows him to start learning and learning in turn allows him to make maturate in communication (Albakri, 2006).The examination might be asked, why interaction is important to the second language acquisition. In order to answer that question we with guide to look at what is required to second language learning. source of all, we consume to have stimulant drug, with the i nput we will able to bring forth a response which also known as the outfit, feedback will be attached according to the output. These three major components made up an interaction. The interaction approach attempts to account for learning through the learners exposure to language, production of language, and feedback on that production. A central claim resulting from a past research is that, though interaction may not be strictly necessary, it nevertheless constitutes the primary direction by which language learners obtain data for language learning, not only if because interaction is how or so learners receive input, but also because the input obtained through interaction is more pragmatic and conducive to acquisition than input trustworthy in other ways (Gass Mackey 2007 175-199). lingua francaAn important term utilize in the interaction approach of second language acquisition is interlanguage. Interlanguage is a emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a lear ner of a second language who has not become to the full proficient yet but is approximating the butt joint language. It often preserving some features of their first language, or over-generalizing target language rules in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. An interlanguage is basically a set of language created by the learner to engage the first language and the second language and it is usually based on the learners experiences with the second language.At a more theoretical level, there are also well-argued claims that the social interaction most relevant to interlanguage development is that in which learners and their correspondents share a need and desire to understand each other (Pica, 1987). there is also recent empirical evidence that such mutual understanding can be reached when the learner and interlocutor modify and restructure their interaction as a result of their requests for clarification or stoppage of each others input and stop over s on the comprehensibility of their own productions, this will be discussed more in the feedback section. When learners need to understand unfamiliar linguistic input or when required to produce a approachable message are opportunities to modify and restructure their interaction with their respondents until mutual comprehension is reached. That process enables learners to move beyond their current interlanguage receptive and expressive capacities and yet improve their second language.Another research investigates the type of interaction and the effects on the development of the interlanguage. It shows that certain kinds of interaction that the child engages in encourage faster and more complete development of features of his interlanguage than other kinds of interaction. A similar finding is reported by Shea (2003), who compares interactions between Japanese students studying at an American university and four different teachers. Shea reports that the Japanese students appear more proficient in English in conversations where they have equal access to the floor and take perspectives that are congruent with those taken by their teachers (Watanabe 2008). commentaryInput refers to the language that a learner is exposed to. In all approaches to second language acquisition, input is a vital component for learning in that it provides the evidence from which learners can form linguistic hypotheses. On the other hand, the information provided by the input illustrates what is practical within a language. Interaction makes learner see the differences between them and native speakers. Interaction itself also directs learners attention to something new, such as a new lexical item or grammatical construction, thus promoting the development of the L2. Input obtained via interaction has been conceptualized and researched in terms of comprehensible input, dialog of crockeding and comprehensible output by Krashen, Long and Swain (Gass, 2003 224-255, Krashen, 1981). The int errelatedness of these three notions is briefly articulated in Longs revised version of the Interaction Hypothesis the negotiation for meaning, and especially negotiation work that triggers interactional ad safements by the NS or more competent interlocutor, facilitates acquisition because it connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productive ways (Tarone, 2009 41-57).The process of turning input into inlet has been described by Krashen as follows First, learners understand a message using the not yet acquired L2 structure and somehow connect the form with its meaning. Second, learners must notice a difference between their current interlanguage competence and the second language form (Xu, 2010).As input of an interaction is just like the listening, it is important for learners to familiar with the phonetic of the second language. Language like French, which does not pronounce the why it looks like. Native speakers usually speak overmuch faster than a learner can understand. It means that it is understandable if the sentence was written or intercommunicate word by word. As many French learners have experienced, it is important for the learner to have more social interactions with the native speakers to get their ears used to the speed and dialect (for some language) of the second language.OutputSwain observed the children in Canada which showed less native-like language. Swain hypothesized that what was abstracted was sufficient opportunities for language use. She claimed that language production forces learners to move form comprehension to syntactic use of language.As many learners maybe experienced, there is a stage where the learner is too shy to produce an output. It may collectable to the afraid of making a wrong statement or channelise a wrong message. The less the learner talk in the target language, the more shyness the will feel. That is why many Chinese students who take English as second l anguage is excellent in the grammar and lexicon but can hardly talk to a native speaker fluently.FeedbackThere are two types of feedbacks implicit and explicit. Explicit refers to correction and metalinguisitic explanations. Implicit feedback refers to confirmation checks (i.e. the sentence or specific word has been correctly heard), clarification requests (i.e. a request for clarify or repeat), and comprehension checks (i.e. an expression used to check the listener is understand or not). Explicit feedback often occurs during negotiation for meaning. Pica (1989) describes how negotiation contributes to the language learning process, suggesting that negotiation facilitates comprehension of L2 input and servers to drop dead learners attention to form-meaning relationships through processes of repetition, segmentation, and rewording. The research also claims that negotiation can draw learners attention to linguistic problems and proposes that initial steps in interlanguage development occur when learners notice mismatches between the input and their own organization of the target language (Gass Mackey, 2007 175-199).With feedbacks, both the native speakers and non-native speakers can adjust their language to a level where they can communicate efficiently. Other research have tack together that native speaker modifications are more frequent in bipartizan communication because conversation provides the native speaker with feedback from the learner and thus enables him to betoken the amount of adjustment required (Albakri, 2006).Social context and culture acquirement a second language can be said of learning about another society and their culture. Language has been proven that has a great relationship with the society, culture and even history. In order to improve the second language proficiency, social context and culture have to be taken into the consideration. The best way of doing this is to interact with the native speakers.It was shown that speakers of an y target language use different varieties of that language in the different social contexts in which it is spoken a formal variety is appropriate in backup meetings, while a vernacular variety is used with friends in a bar. So social context affects the social variety of the second language learners are exposed to. If learners are restricted to only one social context and need to learn varieties of second language that are spoken in other social context and need to learn varieties of second language that are spoken in other social contexts, their general SLA can be affected. (Tarone, 2007).Culture is difficult to define, but it does not mean that the issue is not important in relation to the acquisition of a second language. Through interaction, learners are able to understand certain employment of the language. For example, in Japanese, you need to use a respectful way or tone and choice of words to talk to a senior or anyone who is socially above your status. It is different in some western countries and the language they used. We may not be sure what culture the learner acquires, but it is certainly different from the learners own culture and this difference is an important part of the learning experience (Regan 1998).ConclusionSocial interaction, without any doubt, is important in second language acquisition. The learner receives input from his/her respondent and that input becomes ingestion when the learner processes the information internally. The learner than produces the output which in turn becomes the input for the respondent and he/she provides feedback to that input. And this process continues as conversation or communication and therefore enhances second language learning (Albakri, 2006). It is also important that, the interaction provide the chance of knowing the culture of the target language and found the awareness of the social context of the target language, which will indeed promotes the development of the second language. On the other hand, social interaction encourages learners to use the language in a more pragmatic way, which is one of the main reason we learn a second language at first place. backchat Count 2188

Benefits of Leading a Healthy Lifestyle for Children

Benefits of Leading a Healthy Lifestyle for ChildrenUnit maven Healthy livingHealthy LifestyleLeading a hefty biography style has numerous benefits, a few being ailment and degenerative illness prevention, scathe prevention, increased energy, intelligentnessy weight, good mental wellness and a prolonged life. There ar m whatsoever another(prenominal) chronic illnesses and affections, yet below argon six of the most common associated with an un firm lifestyle and ways in which they can be preventedCoronary union disease (CHD) In disposition to avoid CHD a low-fat, graduate(prenominal)-fibre diet is recommended, to prevent soaring blood pressure and high cholesterin levels, two main(prenominal) factors which could dress CHD.Cancer Through scientific research, we know that our peril actually depends on a combination of our genes, our environment and aspects of our lives, many of which we can control. Reference taken from Cancer research UK website, Can cancer be p revented page, updated April 2014. So although genetically we cannot guarantee whether we suffer from cancer or not, this reference suggests there ar things we can do to derogate our chances. Not smoking, limited alcohol consumption, staying impregnable in the sun and wizarding a wellnessy lifestyle ar just a few.Stroke In order to reduce the risk of a stroke we should avoid smoking and second-hand smoke, have foods low in fat, cholesterol, sodium and added sugars, check blood pressure often and decrease focusing levels, where possible.Diabetes Eating healthily, exercising and proceeding a healthy weight, in both token one and type two diabetes is crucial to ensure the condition is well controlled or for type two diabetes, prevented. High levels of glucose in the blood is the main cause, indeed a healthy lifestyle which is low in sugar, is powerfully advised to minimise the condition. Should it not be controlled adequately then many further complications could be experie nced.High blood pressure (HBP) There isnt always an explanation for HBP, however not exercising regularly, being overweight, down too some(prenominal) salt in your diet, drinking too much alcohol and having family history of BPHBP are all factors. Suffering from HBP can lead to the risk of abject from coronary heart disease and a stroke. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) The main cause of this progressive disease is smoking, and usually affects people over 35years of age, who are or have been toilsome smokers. So leading a healthy lifestyle and refraining from smoking entrust significantly reduce the risk.Overall eating healthily, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight and BMI, limiting alcohol consumption and not smoking depart ensure the risks of chronic illnesses and diseases is minimised. Family history can some epochs be a major factor when suffering from any chronic illness or disease, it is weighd that the above measures can be taken to minimise the symptoms.Eating healthilyEating healthily is one of the main ways to lead a healthy lifestyle, along with exercise and good social welfare. Eating healthily is truly important, specially for infantren to ensure they are consuming essential vitamins, minerals and nutrients, in order for their bodies to loosenessction and grow well. To contact up a nutritionally balance plate it is important to choose a varied amount of foods from the vanadium food groups listed belowCarbohydratesProteinFatFruit and vegetablesSugarsA nutritionally fit plate should be proportioned as the pie map shows. I have created this pie chart based on information I have read in my study guide and from http//www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/eatwell-plate.aspx.Information obtained from NHS choices The eatwell plate as of June 2014.Carbohydrates make up quite a large section on diagram above, this is because they keep essential nutrients, and in wholegrain varieties, are a good source of fibre, whic h in get is essential for effective bowel function. Carbohydrates are foods much(prenominal) as potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and other starchy foods.Meat, fish, beans, eggs, milk, and other dairy products are protein flush foods. Alike carbohydrates, these foods are a great source of essential minerals and vitamins which are necessary for good growth of body cells. Dairy products are a great source of calcium, which helps keep bones and teeth strong, which is essential especially for peasantren whilst they are still growing.Some fat is necessary in our diet, particularly unsaturated fat, as this is a good source of fat, because it helps to lower cholesterol levels in our bodies. Unsaturated fat, such as omega 3 is found in oily fish, nuts and seeds, sunflower and olive oil and avocados. pure(a) fats are bad as they can cause high cholesterol levels, which built up over time can cause heart disease. However these can still be enjoyed in moderation. Foods high in saturated fat i nclude fatty s wantons of meat, butter, lard, cheese, cream, chocolate, biscuits and cakes.At least cinque portions of fruit and vegetables should be learnd per person daily, by doing so the risk of suffering from a stroke, heart disease and some types of cancer may be reduced. Also fruit and vegetables are a great source of vitamins, minerals and fibre, therefore helps the digestive tract to work efficiently.Sugar naturally occurs in foods such as fruit and milk, but its not these sugars that we need to cut down on its food with added sugar that we need to consume less frequently. Such as sweets, fizzy drinks, cakes, chocolate and biscuits. These foods alike unsaturated fat should be consumed in moderation. Eating too many foods high in sugar can cause weight gain, which in turn can lead to conditions such as heart disease and type-2 diabetes.Activities for teenage person children.There are many activities that can be carried break with adolescent children, which contribute towards a healthy lifestyle. Below I have elect cardinal that I deliberate are particularly important and fun They are favorite activities of the children whom I nanny for.Firstly cooking the kitchen is the main hub of the house, the childrens favourite place to be. Whether the children are old enough to be helping or sat in their highchair watching, I weigh children are never too young to be in the kitchen and teaching. either day at least twice a day they pull up stakes be there offering their help. They enjoy chopping vegetables (with child friendly knives of course), calculation and measuring ingredients, stirring and mixing and even washing up every of which I believe are some great life skills, that lead endeavour that they grow up independent and knowledgeable. Cooking obviously contributes towards a healthy lifestyle when cooking healthy meals and generally the children will eat more when they know what the ingredients are and have helped to prepare it.Secondly g raphic symbol lick A very enjoyable time for all ages of young children, a chance for a childs mind to precede wild Imaginative play is a favourite with my nanny family, we could be dressing up and acting out a scene from our favourite book or acting out a real life situation like shops. The definition of play When children follow their own ideas and interests, in their own way for their own reasons. Reference taken from http//www.playengland.org.uk/about-us/why-is-play-important.aspx. All types of play have numerous benefits for children, which contribute towards their health and welfare. Some of these beingTo play better with others and learn to shareEnjoyment of childhood andTo enhance social, emotional, apt and sensual development.And thirdly Physical activities. A trip to our local set is both beneficial for the children and myself. From leaving the house to walk to the viridity, the children are perpetually learning and evaluating situations and there consequences. Fir stly by being aware of the office about them (generally the children are on bikes/scooters), and the roads, of which we have to evaluate and discuss a safe crossing time/space. The children benefit from this enormously by learning about spatial awareness, riding/scooting independently on paths and the stop, look and find out method when crossing the roads. Then strong-armly theyre benefitting from the exercise to and from the park and the time spent at the park. Most days I bespeak to get the children to be as active as possible, by encouraging outdoor play, as well as partaking in extracurricular sports/activities that they already attend.I believe these three activities provide children with enough creative, imaginative and physical benefits to contribute towards a healthy lifestyle.Wellbeing for children and their familiesI believe wellbeing way different things to different people. For me the definition of wellbeing is split into three parts social and emotional, mental an d physical. A childs wellbeing starts at home, from the very first day theyre born. Maintaining wellbeing in families is imperative for both children and adults.Socially and emotionally I believe it means to be content, bright and loved, not only by yourself but by the people around you. Meaning it is important for a child to palpate safe and secure with their family and friends, providing a loving environment, ensuring consistency and keeping to a routine can provide this safety and security. It is important that a child should feel able to express their emotions and concerns with a family member, so I believe it is important to spend quality time with each child individually, to make them feel they have their own opportunity to discuss and show their emotions. every bit it is then important to build a special bond with your child so they feel like they have someone they trust to do this with, being supportive of each other along the way and growth their self-esteem and self-wor th.And mental wellbeing, alike social and emotional, means to be happy and living in a way that is good for you and good for others around you. To have good relationships that bring joy, with the people around you. And to feel contentment, enjoyment, assurance and engagement with the world are all aspects of mental wellbeing. To execute good metal wellbeing you need to connect with the people around you, e.g. your children. hap time developing and working on these relationships. Teaching your child a new skill such as riding a bike, expand to let them learn and praise and encourage where necessary. Also taking punctuate and being aware of the present moment can help, taking time to think about the world around you and your feelings and thoughts. Encourage your child to do the same. And finally I believe being active has a spacious impact on our metal health. For me personally its running, taking 30minutes out of a day to think of nothing but running, helps to clear my chiefta in and focus on whats important in life. I believe its also very beneficial to children as it is adults.And finally physical wellbeing I believe it means to be healthy, safe, and physically fit. To maintain good physical wellbeing a parents habit is imperative as a child cant inevitably ensure they are leading a healthy lifestyle alone. To achieve good physical wellbeing parents should make sure healthy meals are made and that they are encouraging their child to take part in regular physical activity. To maintain a childs health and safety they should be free from illness, injury and pain. To achieve this regular health checks should be made with the doctor, as well as when an illness/injury may occur. Also keeping a watchful eye to minimise injury is also very important.A child who is in a child care setting, will be evaluated regularly to identify any signs of emotional or social difficulties affecting their wellbeing. If any signs are notice at home or parents want to be aware of addressing health and wellbeing issues or to discuss any current issues, they can beg to attend a workshop which is available to parents, where possible.

The Portrayal of Women in the Media Essay -- Advertisements Advertisin

The Portrayal of Wo men in the Media Redbook magazine argon consecrate to selling ingatherings ranging from shoes to shampoo. The entire magazine all has only 210 pages. roughly 6-8 min of every half hour television disposition is produced by ad agencies. Americans ar bombarded with advertisements. We see them everyday in umpteen different forms and with different mediums. Advertisers study Americas tribe through a systematic breakdown and analysis of our likes and dislikes in copulation to our differences. These differences embroil gender, sexual orientation, economic status, location, race, ethnicity, and more than. Advertisers have substantial knowledge of what appeals to for each one of these demographics and how these demographics channel respond to different stimuli (i.e. visual audio, ect.) as well as where the announce will be around effective. In other words, advertisers come up it more beneficial to tar pull in specific audiences (Furnham Mak, 1999). One of the central audiences that advertisers concentrate on their assist on is women. Being such a large variance of society, American women are targeted along with every other group. Ads placed where women are nearly likely to see them are custom tailored for women. Studies give ad agencies an accurate idea of what it is that they need to show women in assign to get them to buy their product and their brand. If these ads can improve a womanhoods mood her increased euphoria will subliminally be coupled with the stimulation (the ad). This will, in turn, have a positive effect on their attitudes toward the product and brand (Simpson Horton, 1996). There are several strategies that are customary in both television and magazines, many of which involve images of men. Advertisers use images of men by themselves or in a variety of positions and settings to appeal to women. By far, the most common image of men in advertising is of that of the young, white, able-bodied, and staunc hly straight man (Jackson, 1994). The vast amount companies spend to advertise is conclusion in itself these ads sell products. It should be noted that all television commercials analyze in this paper come from the Lifetime earnings between 1pm and 3pm. The guideword of this network is Lifetime Television for Women. Basic sex activity Differences Studies involving both radiation pattern and fountainhead damaged individuals have shown associations between gender and neuralgic activity... ...Dennis A. Cornish, Ian M. conservativism and Gender in the Perception of Sex-Roles in Television Advertisements. Perceptual and ride Skills. 1993, Vol. 77, p642. Melvin, doubting Thomas E. Treiber, Linda A. Race, Gender, and Status A Content Analysis of Print Advertisements in iv Popular Magazines. Sociological Spectrum. Jul-Sep 2000, Vol. 20, Issue 3, p357.Meyers-Levy, Joan. Gender Differences in cortical plaque Social and Biochemical Antecedents and advertisement Consequences. Ed . Eddie M. Clark et al. Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994.Prakash, Ved. Sex Roles and ad Preferences. ledger of Advertising Research. May/Jun 1992, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p43.Simpson, Penny M. Horton, Steve. Male Nudity in Advertisements A modified Replication and Extension of Gender and Product cause. daybook of the Academy of Marketing Science. Summer 1996, Vol. 24, Issue 3, p257.Stern, Barbara B. Holbrook, Morris B. Gender and literary genre in the Interpretation of Advertising Text. Gender Issues and Consumer Behavior. Ed. Janeen Arnold Costa. Thousand Oaks Sage, 1994.Sutherland, Max. Advertising and the forefront of the Consumer. St. Leonards Allen and Unwin, 1993. The Portrayal of Women in the Media Essay -- Advertisements AdvertisinThe Portrayal of Women in the Media Redbook magazine are devoted to selling products ranging from shoes to shampoo. The entire magazine only has only 210 pages. Approximately 6-8 min of every half hour television show is produced by ad agencies. Americans are bombarded with advertisements. We see them everyday in many different forms and through different mediums. Advertisers study Americas population through a systematic breakdown and analysis of our likes and dislikes in relation to our differences. These differences include gender, sexual orientation, economic status, location, race, ethnicity, and more. Advertisers have substantial knowledge of what appeals to each of these demographics and how these demographics will respond to different stimuli (i.e. visual audio, ect.) as well as where the advertising will be most effective. In other words, advertisers find it more beneficial to target specific audiences (Furnham Mak, 1999). One of the central audiences that advertisers focus their attention on is women. Being such a large part of society, American women are targeted along with every other group. Ads placed where women are most likely to see them are custom tailored for women. Studies give ad agenci es an accurate idea of what it is that they need to show women in order to get them to buy their product and their brand. If these ads can improve a womans mood her increased euphoria will subliminally be linked with the stimulus (the ad). This will, in turn, have a positive effect on their attitudes toward the product and brand (Simpson Horton, 1996). There are several strategies that are popular in both television and magazines, many of which involve images of men. Advertisers use images of men by themselves or in a variety of positions and settings to appeal to women. By far, the most common image of men in advertising is of that of the young, white, able-bodied, and staunchly heterosexual man (Jackson, 1994). The vast amount companies spend to advertise is proof in itself these ads sell products. It should be noted that all television commercials analyzed in this paper come from the Lifetime network between 1pm and 3pm. The slogan of this network is Lifetime Television for Women . Basic Gender Differences Studies involving both normal and brain damaged individuals have shown associations between gender and neuralgic activity... ...Dennis A. Cornish, Ian M. Conservatism and Gender in the Perception of Sex-Roles in Television Advertisements. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1993, Vol. 77, p642. Melvin, Thomas E. Treiber, Linda A. Race, Gender, and Status A Content Analysis of Print Advertisements in Four Popular Magazines. Sociological Spectrum. Jul-Sep 2000, Vol. 20, Issue 3, p357.Meyers-Levy, Joan. Gender Differences in Cortical Organization Social and Biochemical Antecedents and Advertising Consequences. Ed. Eddie M. Clark et al. Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994.Prakash, Ved. Sex Roles and Advertising Preferences. Journal of Advertising Research. May/Jun 1992, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p43.Simpson, Penny M. Horton, Steve. Male Nudity in Advertisements A modified Replication and Extension of Gender and Product Effects. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Summer 1996, Vol. 24, Issue 3, p257.Stern, Barbara B. Holbrook, Morris B. Gender and Genre in the Interpretation of Advertising Text. Gender Issues and Consumer Behavior. Ed. Janeen Arnold Costa. Thousand Oaks Sage, 1994.Sutherland, Max. Advertising and the Mind of the Consumer. St. Leonards Allen and Unwin, 1993.

A Womans Struggle Captured in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpape

A Womans Struggle Captured in The white-livered Wallpaper Pregnancy and childbirth be very emotional measure in a womans life and some(prenominal)women suffer from the baby blues. The poverty-stricken nickname for postpartumdepression is jerry-built because it down plays the severity of this condition.Although she was not formally diagnosed with postpartum depression, CharlottePerkins Gilman (1860-1935) developed a severe depression after the birth ofher totally child (Kennedy et. al. 424). Unfortunately, she was tough by Dr. S.Weir Mitchell, who forbade her to write and irrefutable only bed rest and composefor recovery (Kennedy et al. 424). Her condition only worsened andultimately resulted in separate (Kennedy and Gioia 424). Gilmans literaryindictment of Dr. Mitchells ineffectual treatment came to life in the compositionThe Yellow Wallpaper. On the surface, this knightly tale seems only to relate whiz womans struggle with rational illness, only if because Guilman w as a prominentfeminist and affable thinker she incorporated themes of womens rights and the myopic relationships amongst husbands and wives (Kennedy and Gioia 424).Guilman cleverly manipulates the telescope to corroborate her themes and set the eeriemood.Upon firstly reading The Yellow Wallpaper, the reader whitethorn see the relationshipbetween the narrator and her husband John as caring, but with examination adeptwill find that the narrator is repeatedly belittled and demeaned by herhusband. On first arriving at the vacation crustal plate John chooses the old covered stadiumnursery against his wifes wishes and laughs at her when she com obviouss aboutthe paper (Kennedy et al. 424,425). In Charlotte Brontes novel plainul J... ...treatments of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, but contains much more than 1 expects.The short story not only studies the complications within a marriedrelationship, it examines a womans struggle with mental illness and thehardships of inequality between the sexes. The setting plays an important roleto sustain the themes and also makes the reader question the sinlessness andsimplicity of what is related to him. works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York Signet Classic, 1960 Kennedy, X.J. and Dan Gioia. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, poetry, and Drama. ordinal Edition. New York Harper collins College Publishers Inc., 1995.Twentieth Century Literary review article. Vol. 9. Detroit Gale query Inc.,1983. Hodges, Elaine R. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 13. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1993. A Womans Struggle Captured in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow WallpapeA Womans Struggle Captured in The Yellow Wallpaper Pregnancy and childbirth are very emotional times in a womans life and manywomen suffer from the baby blues. The innocent nickname for postpartumdepression is deceptive because it down plays the severity of this condition.Although she was not formally diagnosed with postpartum depression, CharlottePerkins Gilman (1860-1935) developed a severe depression after the birth ofher only child (Kennedy et. al. 424). Unfortunately, she was treated by Dr. S.Weir Mitchell, who forbade her to write and prescribed only bed rest and quietfor recovery (Kennedy et al. 424). Her condition only worsened andultimately resulted in divorce (Kennedy and Gioia 424). Gilmans literaryindictment of Dr. Mitchells ineffective treatment came to life in the storyThe Yellow Wallpaper. On the surface, this gothic tale seems only to relateone womans struggle with mental illness, but because Guilman was a prominentfeminist and social thinker she incorporated themes of womens rights and thepoor relationships between husbands and wives (Kennedy and Gioia 424).Guilman cleverly manipulates the setting to support her themes and set the eeriemood.Upon first reading The Yellow Wallpaper, the reader may see the relationshipbetween the narrator and her husband John as caring, but with examination onewill find that the narrat or is repeatedly belittled and demeaned by herhusband. On first arriving at the vacation home John chooses the old atticnursery against his wifes wishes and laughs at her when she complains aboutthe wallpaper (Kennedy et al. 424,425). In Charlotte Brontes novel plainul J... ...treatments of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, but contains much more than one expects.The short story not only studies the complications within a maritalrelationship, it examines a womans struggle with mental illness and thehardships of inequality between the sexes. The setting plays an important roleto strengthen the themes and also makes the reader question the innocence andsimplicity of what is related to him.Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York Signet Classic, 1960 Kennedy, X.J. and Dan Gioia. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, poetry, and Drama.Sixth Edition. New York Harper Collins College Publishers Inc., 1995.Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 9. Detroit Gale Research Inc.,1983. Hodges, Elaine R. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 13. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1993.

The Importance of Duncan’s Murder in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Importance of Duncans Murder in Macbeth In Shakespeares Macbeth, the repercussions of Macbeth murdering his King are very numerous. Through themes that include, imagery, soliloquies, atmosphere, and supernatural macrocosms, Shakespeare enforces the magnitude of Macbeths crime. Most of these factors are linked together. One of the main ways in which the horror of the murder is underlined is through the Great Chain of Being. At the season this play was written, it was believed that there was a hierarchy in the universe, with immortal being at the top, then angels, then the King, then man, and finally animals. This meant that the King was Gods representative on earth, and so if a rebel were to bam the King, he would be seen to be attacking and rebelling against God. This is seen in Act One, characterization Two, when the Thane of Cawdor rebels against King Duncan, where the Sergeant says Ship wracking storms and direful thunders break (L.26). This thunderous digest symboli zes Gods anger at his representative of Scotland being attacked. The lousiness during the play (all but two of the scenes are set in darkness) shows how the darkness is strangling the earth, representing the anger of God at the events in Scotland. The Dark shadow strangles (Act Two, Scene Four, Line Seven) the earth, showing Gods, overall deal on the world. The King at this time had an absolute monarchy (power of life and dying over everyone in his kingdom). The belief was that God had passed special powers to all Kings, such as that for healing, which Malcolm identifies in Edward the Confessor (the King of England) in Act Four, Scene terzetto He curesthe healing benedictionhe hath a heavenly leave of prophecy (L.152-157). Shakespeare later uses Edwa... ...elm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A cable of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. mod York Wa shington Press, 1992. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, smart York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979.

National Crisis :: essays papers

National Crisis Our society is being forced to deal with uneducated, un wise to(p) high shoal graduates. You may ask how is a high teach graduate so ill prepared for the world. Have you ever been to a store where a young person, maybe a high school school-age child is the sales associate and the register shuts down right in advance you receive your change? Did you notice the look of panic on their view because they were not sure how much change you were supposed to receive? It is because of the guinea pig crisis, social advancement that arsehole be accredited to this dependency on everything except their educated brains. We as educated spate mustiness help find a way to save our children from wasting their pedantic careers due to social forward motion. Truly embracing the idea that all children can learn and making sure that all children do, requires that we all take state for ending social promotion. (www.ed.gov) If we accept and aim to prove that all people ar e capable of learning lifes basic necessities we allow for start breaking down the wall of stupidity social promotion has built.Social promotion, the national crisis, is the promotion of students to the next grade level without ascendency of their current curriculum.(www.ncrel.org) More than half of teachers surveyed in a recent canvas tent stated that they had promoted unprepared students in the last school year, often because they rede no alternative. (www.ed.gov) If a teacher sees no option for a student other than failing or socially promoting them, the teacher generally promotes them, because it goes everyplace easier with in society and authority. This is essentially depleting the educational standards of our country. Standards are lowered as students are continually cheated of the material necessary to independently survive in the real world.The realization that I was cheated by social promotion ultimately came about my senior year of high school. As far top as I can remember I have had problems with math, alone I passed every year up until I met Coach Taylor. He was a nonconformist in nearly every sense of the word. He definitely did not jump on the bandwagon of socially promoting students. I learned the hard way about the true aftermath of social promotion that year. I was held accountable for things I didnt know. Therefore, I was fairly distraught to tell apart I wouldnt be graduating with all my friends.

Analysis of Mores The Prince and Utopia Essay -- essays research pape

i.IntroductionSir Thomas More was born in capital of the United Kingdom to Agnes and John More a lawyer in 1477. Tomas after universe a page in the Morton Household was sent to Oxford University and became a prospering lawyer. After becoming an MP for the Under-Sheriff of London he started writing the loudness Utopia and finishing it 1516. After writing the loudness he was appointed as the privy councilor to King Henry VIII in 1518. He was latter(prenominal) executed in 1535 for refusing King Henry VIII to be the distributor point of the church. Utopia is a fictional book about Mores talk with Raphael Nonsenso and his travels to Utopia. Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469 to a middleclass family. The time in which Machiavelli lived Italy as a land was not united but divide and split into little providences and republics. He latter became responsible for the Florentine militia against the Medici government and rule. When the Medici power re scued Florence Machiavelli was arrested for conspiracy he was tortured and then banished from Florence. During his banishment he wrote the book The Prince in 1513 which is dedicated to the new prince of Florence Lorenzo De Medici. The book was a discourse to the prince on how to run a republic and also a way Machiavelli sack up get a job working in politics again. ii.Towns & local GovernmentsThe local towns and governments in Utopia are split up into 54 crystallise large towns all equally alike in language, laws, customs, education and is no more than 26 miles apart from the next town. Each town in Utopia has about 30 houses that hold about 40 people each and 2 slave per house. Each house sends 20 members out to plain for farming every 2 years the first year is dog-tired training and the... ... instruction manual to run a kingdom and at the same time it?s a resume for a job. The motive in which Machiavelli is writing this is to re-enter a policy-making life and political job for the prince. vii.ThesisSir Thomas Mores Utopia and Niccolo Machiavelli?s The Prince two concern themselves with the grassroots issues of how a society works and maintains itself. Utopia?s aim is to show and show of a perfect government and society. The Prince is telling how to run a country successfully and not to be hated or demised in the end. both(prenominal) of these books deal with the central message of governments and how they should be run from different encounter and from two very different men. The one issues that they both did agree on is the issue on communism where both said no to the issues both agreeing in the same fact that communism is a government for the lazy.

The Master Speed by Robert Frost Essay -- Robert Frost Poem Master Sp

The Master Speed by Robert Frost Throughout the poesy The Master Speed, Frost addresses the thought that marriage is a sacred bewilder that must be treasured all through our lives. The main lawsuit for the apparent matrimony theme was due to the engagement of Frosts daughter. Because of this great tempt over his life, Frost reiterated the advice to his daughter to stay at the master speed in order to fully enjoy the rest of her life as healthy as her future commitment. By this Frost suggests that one should not plenty through life but instead take in life, puritanical and slow so that it may be savored. Frost start-off presents this idea by metaphorically discussing the spectacular abilities his daughter possesses but refuses to use. In the first quatrain, the poet suggests that his da...

The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homer’s The Iliad Essay -- Iliad Essa

The metamorphosis of Achilles in homers The Iliad Dr. rhymes comments With his clear explanation, informative quotes, and logical organization, the student well proves his thesis, recapped and affirm very well in the final paragraph.From the first pages of Homers The Iliad, Achilles is portrayed as vengeful, proud, and petty. As the take hold progresses, the image of Achilles as a malicious boor is change dramatically. Towards the stop of the epic however, Achilles begins to exhibit qualities that argon considered heroic even in todays society. Once his doglike and trusted friend Patroclus dies, Achilles undergoes a drastic change in denotation. When he confronts the true horror of death, Achilles puts excursion his immature ways to fulfill his affair to his friend, his compatriots, and his conscience. In this way, the proficiency of Achilles as a character is an analogy for the transit from youth to maturity.The first book of The Iliad, appropriately titled th e Rage of Achilles, sets the thought for the remainder of the epic. Agamemnon seizes Achilles prize, the beautiful Briseis, to sooth his give wounded pride. Even though Achilles is right(a) to suggest that Agamemnon return Chryseis, the blue-belly runners brash agency leaves Agamemnon feeling slighted. In return, Achilles vows that he will not fight in the Trojan War either longer. Once Briseis is seized, Achilles goes to the beach to cry to his mother. This is aware of how a small child would act when denied something he wants. It seems that Homer is severe to compare Achilles actions in the earliest books to that of a child. Achilles implores his mother to go to genus Zeus and ask the god to lecture the Greeks until they give Achilles the honors he ... ...les has been throughout the epic. His actions submit that he has finally seen to the centerfield of his fury and found it pointless and destructive. He is ready to fulfill his responsibleness to the Gree ks, yet is willing to treat his enemies with honor and courtesy because they are charitables as well.In conclusion, the progression of Achilles character in The Iliad can easily be viewed as an analogy for the progression of a child to an adult. From the spiteful rage in the beginning to the sorrow respect in the end of the epic, Achilles development mirrors that of a stereotypical human from childhood to maturity. The concepts that seem serious to him in the beginning, his honor and glory, slowly sour supplanted by more middling and mature ideals of duty, respect and compassion.Work CitedHomer Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York Barnes and Noble, 2003. The Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homers The Iliad Essay -- Iliad EssaThe Metamorphosis of Achilles in Homers The Iliad Dr. Frosts comments With his clear explanation, illustrative quotes, and logical organization, the student easily proves his thesis, recapped and affirmed very well in the final paragraph.F rom the first pages of Homers The Iliad, Achilles is portrayed as vengeful, proud, and petty. As the book progresses, the image of Achilles as a spiteful child is sharpened dramatically. Towards the end of the epic however, Achilles begins to exhibit qualities that are considered heroic even in todays society. Once his loyal and trusted friend Patroclus dies, Achilles undergoes a drastic change in character. When he confronts the true horror of death, Achilles puts aside his immature ways to fulfill his duty to his friend, his compatriots, and his conscience. In this way, the progression of Achilles as a character is an analogy for the transition from youth to maturity.The first book of The Iliad, appropriately titled the Rage of Achilles, sets the scene for the remainder of the epic. Agamemnon seizes Achilles prize, the beautiful Briseis, to sooth his own wounded pride. Even though Achilles is correct to suggest that Agamemnon return Chryseis, the swift runners brash manner leaves Agamemnon feeling slighted. In return, Achilles vows that he will not fight in the Trojan War any longer. Once Briseis is seized, Achilles goes to the beach to cry to his mother. This is reminiscent of how a small child would act when denied something he wants. It seems that Homer is trying to compare Achilles actions in the early books to that of a child. Achilles implores his mother to go to Zeus and ask the god to crush the Greeks until they give Achilles the honors he ... ...les has been throughout the epic. His actions show that he has finally seen to the heart of his fury and found it pointless and destructive. He is ready to fulfill his duty to the Greeks, yet is willing to treat his enemies with respect and courtesy because they are gentleman as well.In conclusion, the progression of Achilles character in The Iliad can easily be viewed as an analogy for the progression of a child to an adult. From the spiteful rage in the beginning to the compassionate r espect in the end of the epic, Achilles development mirrors that of a stereotypical human from childhood to maturity. The concepts that seem important to him in the beginning, his honor and glory, slowly become supplanted by more reasonable and mature ideals of duty, respect and compassion.Work CitedHomer Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York Barnes and Noble, 2003.